特進の起源と變遷 : 列侯から光禄大夫へ

Abstract

The origins of the title Te jin, Lords Specially Advanced, a Tang-era civil service prestige title 文散官 are found in the Han. During the Han, Adjunct Marquises 列侯 resident in the capital were permitted to attend court twice a month (on the first and fifteenth day), and they were awarded the Te jin title, which was the equivalent of that of Counselor-in-chief 丞相, a court rank which was later of the same status to the Three Dukes 三公 in the military hierarchy. The criteria for this court rank were distinguished on the basis of official compensation, from duke 公, minister 卿, grand master 大夫, and serviceman 士 status, and this was at the same time the ritual order. However, with the addition of generals 將軍 to the hierarchy during the turmoil of the Late Han, this ritual order was disturbed. During the Wei, there was a pressing need to reorganize the ritual order and regulate the title of general. Although the earlier status hierarchy was revised to duke, solitaire 孤, minister, grand master, and servicemen, there was no fundamental reform of the system. The succeeding Jin inherited the status hierarchy of the Wei, but by shifting the criteria of status distinction from compensation accorded each office to the rank associated with each office, it was successful in reforming the ritual order. In addition, by establishing a fifth-rank within the nobility that was superior to that of Adjunct Marquis, the Te jin title lost its original function in relation to the Adjunct Marquises and instead became associated with civil officials 文官. Moreover, because the hierarchical order of the Guang lu da fu, Grand Master for Splendid Happiness, whom were paired with the generals became rigidly formalized, the role of the Te Jin title grew increasingly diluted. However, during the Southern Dynasties, the Te jin title played a new role. As can be understood from the fact that one individual who had refused the post of Commander Unequaled in Honor 開府儀同三司, the pinnacle of the hierarchy of the Guang lu da in, was given the title Te jin. The Te jin title was inserted within the hierarchy of the Guang lu da fu. This also marks the beginning of its being the highest rank of the Tang civil service prestige titles. The shift of association of the Te Jin title from Adjunct Marquises to the Guang lu da fu, and its ultimate retention among the civil service prestige titles was due to the fact the functions fulfilled by the Adjunct Marquises in the Han were split between the Generals and the Guang lu da fu during the Wei, Jin, and the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and that it conformed to the trends toward the adoption of Tang prestige titles.