雍正七年淸朝によるシプソンパンナー王國の直轄地化について : タイ系民族王國を搖るがす山地民に關する一考察

Abstract

During the 1720s the Qing began to actively assert more bureaucratic control over Southern Yunnan by replacing some smaller Tai (Dai) polities with regular imperial offcials. Even the large polity of Sipsong Panna, which had remained relatively free from serious interference in its internal affairs by the Chinese state so far, did not get off unscathed. In 1729 E'ertai, the governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou, annexed the six panna on the east bank of the Mekong river, transferring them to the control of imperial bureaucrats. Sipsong Parma had been a vassal of both the Burmese and the Chinese courts since the 16th century, and this action by the Qing ended up orientating the polity more strongly than ever before towards China. Though the Qing found it difficult to administer the annexed territory through normal means, and had to leave most of it under the jurisdiction of Tai rulers, this event deserves attention for it launched the polity off on a path towards full absorption into the Chinese state, along journey that did not end until the 1950s. Why did the Qing annex a part of Sipsong Panna territory? In this article I use memorials written by contemporary Qing administrators, who furnished detailed reports on local conditions, to put the events of the 1720s in the long term perspective of violence by ethnic hill peoples living in the area to the north of Sipsong Parma that had continued since the 17th century. I show that inter-ethnic strife between hill peoples and Han traders in the Tea Hills, an area under the jurisdiction of the paramount leader of Sipsong Panna, precipitated the rebellion which ultimately led to the annexation, and I argue that the Qing intervened in order to enforce Chinese style law and order on local society rather than for territorial aggrandisement as some scholars have claimed. Han traders had introduced a money economy into the hill areas by their tea buying activities, usury and other associated malpractices which drove the Woni (Hani) and other ethnic groups to rebel in 1727. The hill peoples were vassals of the Tai rulers, and though the increase in trade exchange had brought great hardship to them, their overlords, the Tai rulers, had proved ineffective as articulators, and had failed to protect them from attack by the Qing army. Historians have overlooked the importance of hill peripheries to the maintenance of Tai polities, but the case of the 1729 annexation clearly demonstrated how vital hill areas were to the welfare of Sipsong Panna as a whole. Trouble in the hills led to the incorporation of some of the polity's peripheral territories into the newly founded Pu'er Prefecture, and almost caused the alienationof six panna at the core. The perception by Qing Offcials that Tai rulers could not properly control their hill peoples was also a factor that prompted them to intervene. Interaction between ethnic hill peoples and Han traders in the 1720s inaugurated a process of slow disintegration of the Sipsong Panna polity from the periphery.