清代における捐復制度の成立について--考課制度との相互關係を中心に

Abstract

In pre-modern China an extremely elaborate personnel evaluation kaoke 考課 system, in other words, a system that assessed bureaucratic performance on a regular and continuous basis was instituted in order to make the uniquely high-level bureaucratic system function even more smoothly. However during the Qing dynasty a system of reducing punishments, in other words, a juanfu 捐復 (restoration through payment) system was created for bureaucrats who had been demoted or dismissed. This allowed bureaucrats who had received punishment under the assessment system to evade punishment or lessen it by paying money to the state and thereby revive their original status according to rules determined by the state. Ironically, during the Qing dynasty, both the restoration and evaluation systems were re-organized and operated in tandem. The questions of how the two systems operated together, under what principle the rulers of the time implemented them and then systematized the juanfu system are vital in considering the bureaucratic system of pre-modern China and its operating principles. By elucidating these matters, we can deepen our understanding of the design and operation of the early modern Chinese bureaucracy, and using this as a key can consider the dominant ideology of the period. The aim of this article is to clarify how the juanfu system was established and in what ways it influenced the bureaucratic system from the mid-Qing onward. In this article I first review the establishment of the juanfu system in the Qianlong era of the Qing and its organization, chiefly in terms of the interrelationship between restoration through payment, from Ming times onward, and evaluation of the Qing, and then examine the influence of the implementation of the juanfu system on the bureaucratic system and society. Through this examination, one sees the inefficiency of the evaluation system due to its use in combination with the juanfu system and the strengthening of the authority of governors and governors general over personnel matters.