中央アジアにおける露清貿易とカザフ草原

Abstract

When the power of the Junghars declined in the mid 18th century, the possibility of building trade ties between Western Siberia on the Russian side and Xinjiang on the Qing side was heightened. The Kazakhs were particularly involved in the international commerce in Ili and Tarbagatai in northern Xinjiang. In addition to playing a role in the transit trade between Qing and Russia, they served as intermediaries when trading parties enter Xinjiang from Western Siberia, and they were also involved in the trade as plunderers when those trading parties had to cross the Kazakh steppe. In background to the establishment of this trade structure was the difference between the Russian and Qing policies toward Central Asia. Although in reality Kazakhs and Khoqand merchants were intermediaries in the flow of goods and people between Western Siberia and Xinjiang, the Qing dynasty would not officially recognize the entry of Russian merchants or products. On the other hand, Russia dispatched trading parties from the first and assigned Cossack battalions to defend against Kazakh raids, and thus Russia's positive stance was clear. The aggressive moves made by the Russian empire were closely linked to the development of its political rule over the Kazakh steppe. Russia began to establish administrative districts in the nomadic pasturelands known as the Middle Zhuz in 1822, and the nomadic Kazakhs were thereby incorporated under Russian rule, and they lost their role in the trade. In the northern part of Xinjiang, the influence of Khoqand merchants who replaced the Kazakhs in the role as intermediaries in the transit trade was limited, and in the decade of the 1840s the entry of merchants of Russian nationality (primarily Muslims) into Xinjiang had become taken for granted, as is indicated in the report of Liubimov of the Russian Foreign Ministry. When Russia advanced further to the south into the territory of the Senior Zhuz, the Qing dynasty, which at first pressed its claim to the Kazakh steppe, was forced to tacitly consent to Russian rule. In regard to the trade problem about which negotiations were held simultaneously, the business conducted by Russian merchants in northern Xinjiang was officially recognized due to the Treaty of Kulja of 1851, and in accord with political change, the trade in this region took on a completely different form than that had existed previously.