清初の「文武相見儀注」について

Abstract

In contrast to the custom of esteeming civilian officials and disdaining military officials that occurred in the late Ming, the status of military officials rose in the early Qing, and accompanying this change were considerable changes in ritual etiquette for meetings between civilian and military officials that was noted by people of the time. However, the process of the revision of the regulations concerning meetings between military and civilian officials of the Qing dynasty was no simple matter. The foundations of the changes were only established after several attempts at revision during the Shunzhi era. The regulations that went by the name Wenwu xiangjianyi zhu 文武相見儀注 (Notes on the Ritual Etiquette for Meetings between Civilian and Military Officials) was a combination of various elements, such as rules that stipulated where and when a visitor was to get off a horse or palanquin, how the visitor was to be seen off, the gate to be used, the clothing, the ritual greeting, seating arrangements, the style of writing to be used in corresponding with officials, and the type of document to submit in an interview with an official--all of which can be divided into three types : 1) relations between social equals, 2) relations between unequal parties, and 3) relations between subordinates and their superiors. Between civilian and military officials, these relationships were not firmly set in terms of the hierarchy of ranks and offices and there was asymmetry in the supremacy of civilian officials. For example, in regard to the Governor General 總督, the top regional civilian official, regional military officials within his jurisdiction performed the ritual etiquette of a subordinate, but in contrast, civilian officials of the rank of Provincial Administration Commissioner 布政使 and below seldom followed the rites of subordinates toward the Provincial Military Commander 提督 , who was the highest ranking regional military official. The ritual etiquette of a subordinate that military officials performed in regard to civilian officials spread with the regularization of the dispatch of civilian officials such as Governors General 總督 and Provincial Governors 巡撫 in the late Ming to take comprehensive control of regional military affairs, and the problem of ritual etiquette to be performed between civilian and military officials was deeply related to the entire range of relationships between civilian and military officials in the provinces. In early Qing times the actual power of military officials such as Regional Commanders 總兵官 if grew, but suppressing anti-Qing forces effectively using the military power led by these kinds of military officials and at the same time suppressing their high-handed behavior by placing them under control of the center became important tasks for the Qing dynasty. The process of settling system of Wenwu xiangjianyi zhu meant a reorganization of the entire sphere of regional officialdom and this can be seen as reflecting an attempt by the Qing dynasty to stabilize the situation through this visualization of it through ritual etiquette.