宋代演劇窺管 : 陸游劉克莊詩を資料として

Abstract

Our understanding of the early development of the drama in China is hampered by the fact that, although we know that tsachü 雜劇 were performed during the Sung, and yüan-pen 院本 during the Chin, no texts from these two types of drama survive. Our only source of knowledge about them are lists of the various acts of which the tsa-chü of the Southern Sung were composed, and lists of the yüan-pen of the Chin. Our information on how the dramas were actually performed is likewise scanty. Recently, however, carved tiles which depict the tsa-chü of the Northern Sung, paintings of the tsa-chü of the Southern Sung, and models of the Chin period stage, have all come to light. As a result, we are able to determine something about what the performances were like, though there are many points that remain unclear. The present study has utilized a type of material not heretofore used in research on the early drama, namely, the references to dramatic performances in the poetic works of the Sung period, particularly the poems describing performances by the Southern Sung poets Lu Yu 陸游 and Liu K'ochuang 劉克莊. Other material taken not from actual poems but from anecdotes about poetry or essays has also been used. It has long been thought that the drama of the Chin period was considerably more advanced than that of the Southern Sung. The present writer, however, as a result of his researches, has determined that, although the drama of the Northern Sung was still a rather crude affair focusing upon laugh-provoking stunts and jokes, the drama of the Southern Sung had fixed casts of actors and dealt with the life history of an individual or the account of some fairly complex happening. Thus not only the Chin, but the Southern Sung as well, must be recognized as one of the periods which contributed to the eventual emergence of the Yüan and Ming drama.