「殘唐五代史演義」への道 : 小說と講史

Abstract

The author intends to answer the following questions : (1) Why is Li Cun-xiao 李存孝 described as the hero of the Can Tang Wu-dai-shi Yan-yi 殘唐五代史演義? (2) Why is the Can Tang Wu-dai-shi Yan-yi detailed in the first half and sketchy in the second half? (3) Why is the Can Tang Wu-dai-shi Yan-yi completely different in contents from the Wu-dai-shi Ping-hua 五代史平話? Li Cun-xiao in the Can Tang Wu-dai-shi Yan-yi is an invincible general and the incarnation of loyalty and filial duty. This is not a reflection of the actual person in history. However, it is worth noting that in the novel Li Cun-xiao is executed without opposing, because he is deceived by Kang Jun-li 康君立 and Li Cun-xin 李存信 into believing the execution is ordered by his foster father Li Ke-yong 李克用. In history, Li Cun-xiao distinguished himself by bravery, but Li Ke-yong favoured Kang Jun-li, and Li Cun-xin made a false charge against Li Cun-xiao, so that Li Cun-xiao betrayed Li Ke-yong and was executed. More notably, the death of Li Cun-xiao is also described in Guan Han-qing's 關漢卿 play of Deng fu-ren ku-tong ku Cun-xiao 鄧夫人苦痛哭存孝, where the plot is similar to that of the novel but Li Cun-xiao deplores many times that he is treated coldly because of a foster child. These make it clear that the play is based on the historical fact and justifies Li Cun-xiao, and that the novel is based on the play and identifies him as a good son and retainer. This is a reflection of sympathy for Li Cun-xiao. We must not forget that Li Cun-xiao is not only in the novel but in all of Yuan Drama 元雜劇 about him described as a central figure in the battle against Huang Chao 黄巢, who was defeated by Li Ke-yong in history. This is another reflection of sympathy for Li Cun-xiao. The legend of Li Cun-xiao seems to have been embellished, connected with the legend of Huang Chao and Zhu Wen 朱溫 by Zheng-de 正德 period (1506-1521), and compiled into the lost Jin-tong Can Tang Ji 金統殘唐記. The Can Tang Wu-dai-shi Yan-yi, which seems to be based on the Jin-tong Can Tang Ji, was revised about 1613, in order to fill up the blank between the Sui Tang Liang-chao Zhi-zhuan 隋唐兩朝志傳 and the Nan-Song Zhi-zhuan 南宋志傳. The former describes the period before the rebellion of Huang Chao and the latter describes from the second half of the Five Dynasties 五代, which is based on the Wu-dai-shi Ping-hua. Therefore the Can Tang Wu-dai-shi Yan-yi need not describe the Five Dynasties in detail, so that it is only roughly treated in the second half. The Wu-dai-shi Ping-hua is mainly based on the Zi-zhi Tong-jian Gang-mu 資治通鑑綱目, so the content is entirely different from that of the Can Tang Wu-dai-shi Yan-yi. We can also find this kind of differnce among other historical novels such as Ping-hua 平話 in the Yuan 元 dynasty and Yan-yi 演義 in the Ming 明 dynasty. It is possible that this is derived from the difference between Xiao-shuo 小說 and Jiang-shi 講史 in the Song 宋 dynasty.