成熟と老いの詩學認識 : 杜甫から歐・梅まで

Abstract

Old is usually regarded as a sign of degeneration and dissipation in classical Chinese poetry, bringing on the woeful laments of poets. In the critiques of poetics, however, the term "old" more often represents the maturity in style of the literary piece, and the perfection of the poet's character. Du Fu was the first to use "old" as a positive concept of poetics. This thesis is concerned with how this concept of poetics was formed. Du Fu perceived that the style of poetics changed accordingly with the richness of the poet's growth and experience. He also pointed out that this is what constitutes the "maturity" of the literary style. Actually, Du Fu's own creations bear testimony to this. In the middle and late Tang period, the use of "old" in literary criticism is commonly found among the commentaries of ancient-style prose pundits 古文家. However, the use of "old" by ancient-style prose pundits remains within the sphere of Confucian virtues. In reality, as early as the Six Dynasties-Tang period, people had started using the term "old" to critique the calligraphy of Wang Xi-zhi 王羲之 in his later years. During the early Tang period, Sun Guo-ting 孫過庭 explained in Shu-pu 書譜 how the art of calligraphy and Confucian virtues are fused together, "the person and the word grow together" (人書俱老) at the highest level. This establishes the meaning of "old" as a concept of artistic style. Later in the Northern Song, the meaning of "old" in the literary sphere and the meaning of "old" in the calligraphy sphere became interchangeable. During this period, Ou-Yang Xiu and Mei Yao-chen played an important part in deepening the understanding of "old" in poetics. For example, they were primarily concerned with the later works of an author, the natural result of this being that the author's image was viewed to be a presence of constant change and maturity. Apart from this, Ou-yang and Mei pursued a "refreshing" (淸新) state of aesthetic attainment in their own literary creations. In this way, the understanding of "old" has an intimate connection to how the characteristics of Song poetry were formed.