擬古詩の變遷について : 陸機から李白まで

Abstract

This paper investigates nigu-shi 擬古詩 from the Six Dynasties 六朝 to Tang 唐 era. The Wenxuan 文選 contains sixty-three imitative poems in the category of zani 雜擬, each of which show various levels and methods of imitation. I focus my attention especially on nigu-shi, generally supposed to imitate gushi 古詩 or gu-yuefu 古樂府 of the Han-Wei 漢魏 era. I describe how the nigu-shi genre becomes less imitative and more lyrical from the Six Dynasties to the Tang. Nigu-shi of the Six Dynasties can be classified into two main types. The first is that which makes a faithful imitation of theme, content, or expression of earlier works such as gushi or gu-yuefu. I consider Lu Ji's 陸機 "Nigu-shi shi er shou" 擬古詩十二首 to be a typical example. This type of nigu-shi exhibits florid rhetoric and was composed as a kind of group amusement, a competition in which participants drafted imitations of a single model's elaborate verbal expression. By contrast, another type of nigu-shi is intended less for the verbal imitation of former works and more principally for the delineation of feelings. The following are the most notable examples : "Nigu-shi jiu shou" 擬古詩九首 by Tao Yuanming 陶淵明, "Nigu-shi ba shou" 擬古詩八首 by Bao Zhao 鮑照, and "Guyi er shou" 古意二首 by Yan Zhitui 顏之推. These nigu-shi borrow diction, thematic patterns, and an impulse toward emotional effusiveness, but still maintain a certain distance from their models. I explore various methods by which this distance is maintained, methods I think result in more original poetic works. Appreciating them leads to an understanding of how nigu-shi transformed from simple imitation into composite lyrical poetry. These two strands of nigu-shi continue into the Tang era. Early in the Tang, there appear several examples of poets presenting nigu-shi and guyi to acquaintances, works which show a more obvious tendency toward lyricization. In the High Tang 盛唐, Li Bai's 李白 "Nigu-shi shi er shou" 擬古詩十二首 (the work I regard as the era's most important ni gu shi), is categorized in the Fen lei bu zhu Li Taibai shi ji 分類補注李太白詩集 as a ganyu 感遇, indication that the genre's lyrical qualities had been fully recognized. At the same time, it also seems that during the Tang the nigu-shi gradually fell into decline. Conceivably, as lyrical modes of poetry diversified, lyrical nigu-shi lost its vitality and appeal.