語り得ぬものへのことば : 「莊子」における言語問題と言說への意識について

Abstract

In spite of quite a few scholars have mentioned the thought of language in the Chuang-tzu, little attention has been given to the relationship of its linguistic thought and discourse. In the Chuang-tzu's case, that relationship is a serious problem. Because the authors of the Chuang-tzu basically have a negative opinion about expression in words; thus their discourse is always in danger of contradiction to their thoughts. This article aims to investigate how and why the Chuang-tzu tried to solve this problem, namely how to speak what cannot be spoken. The Chuang-tzu's thought of language may be divided into two types, one is represented in the Chi-wu-lun-p'ian 齊物論篇, and the other is represented in the other chapters. The former almost denies that language can mean something; the latter denies language can express Tao 道, but other things can be expressed. That classification is reflected also in its style of discourse. In the Chi-wu-lun-p'ian, there are three remarkable styles. Firstly, by asking question and no answer, narrator ultimately does not make a decision on the meaning of his/her statement. Secondly, because of saying "try to speak" before speech, narrator intends to leave his/her negation for language on one side. Thirdly, there are often used characteristic accumulation, and in comparison with the style of the Lao-tzu 老子, the Chuang-tzu's such a style leads to be called it "verbosity." Those rhetoric are almost only appeared in Chi-wu-lun-p'ian, but instead of them, the other chapters have two especial styles: using unique allegory and making some expression mediums like song take the place of language. In the Chuang-tzu, there are some various styles as mentioned above, and most of them can be considered as methods for speaking what cannot be spoken. Although such a trial is so difficult, the authors continued trying. Why they were not silent? Finally, we examine their motivation of expression and thoughts of speech from the following two points of view: to analyze comments about the speech and expression in the Chuang-tzu, and to compare with the Kung-sun-lung-tzu 公孫龍子 that resembles in expression style.