「石室」の詩をめぐって : 謝靈運・鮑照山水詩の比較

Abstract

Xie Ling-yun and Bao Zhao are the representative poets of the Song 宋 period in the Southern Dynasties. Xie Ling-yun is noted as a shanshuishi 山水詩 writer, while Bao Zhao is noted as a yuefu 樂府 writer. Their poetry has been considered as differing in essentials, though Bao Zhao had also written some landscape poems under the influence of Xie Ling-yun. In their landscape poems, there is one in which "shishi" was described. "Shishi" means "rock chamber", which are caves in deep mountains where Daoists or Shenxian 神仙 (divine transcendents) dwelt. In the Jin 晉 and Song period, these chambers were regarded as mysterious zones which may possibly lead to the Shenxian world or Dongtian 洞天 (grotto heaven). The "shishi" poems indicate one type of landscape poem current at that time, which aimed at describing a religious experience. In this paper, I consider the originality of their landscape poems by analyzing the "shishi" poems. Xie Ling-yun's poem "Shishishan shi 石室山詩" expresses mainly how full of divine beauty and purity the cave was. He affirms here that nobody but him would be able to find the holy place, and says that the sight of the place he visited for the first time mysteriously resembled that image of the Shenxian world, which he had formed in his mind from long adoration. Such a religious experience, where in an image in his mind harmonizes with the real sight, is also described in the prose poem "Luofushan fu 羅浮山賦" and the poem "Deng jiangzhong guyu shi 登江中孤嶼詩". This impression, derived from his own experience with nature, is considered unique to him. Bao Zhao's poem "Cong Yu-zhonglang you Yuanshan shishi shi 從庾中郞遊園山石室詩" expresses mainly a dark and mysterious atmosphere within the "shishi" he visited with Yu-zhonglang. He compares the inside of it to Dong-tian studded with mysterious stones, while on the other hand, describing the absolute silence and darkness, along with his awe for the area. In this era, "shishi" had been chiefly equated with an image of purity, likened to a Utopia. His poem, as though it represents a rooted sense of fear that people had harbored for caves from ancient times, is very unique, forming a striking contrast to Xie Ling-yun's "shishi" poem.