一九世紀臺灣の閩粤械鬪からみた「番割」と漢・番の境界

Abstract

In this article I examine the source materials viewed at the National Palace Museum and the Academia Sinica concerning the armed conflicts at Danshui in Daoguang 6 (1826) and Feng-shan in Daoguang 12 (1832) and consider the role of the fan-ge 番割 who operated on the "boundary between the Han Chinese and Mountain Aborigines" during 19th-century Taiwan and their social background. As a result, I found that due to the relationship between the fan-ge and the Mountain Aborigines 生番, they developed intimate ties, out of which the fan-ge learned the aboriginal language, and some not only wed Mountain Aborigine women, but there were in addition cases of their changing hairstyles, clothing and living places. The "overcoming of boundaries" by the fan-ge was not simply a geographic overcoming of boundaries in the sense of moving from Han land to barbarian land but also an overcoming of boundaries in terms of culture and customs, in short a physical transformation, aboriginization, became visible. The premise of this understanding was that the fan-ge were Han Chinese, but in fact making such a presumption is dangerous in the border area. The reason for this was can be seen in the fact that nearly all the fan-ge involved in the conflicts were wed to Mountain Aborigines or were of mixed blood. A classic example would be the case of fan-ge who were tu seng zai 土生仔, children of a Han Chinese and Mountain Aborigine couple. Here the distinction between ethnic groups such as Han, Mountain and Plains Aborigines 熟番 had ceased to make sense. The disappearance of standards of dress for Han Chinese men, i.e. the shaved head and braided hair, meant taking a stance of resistance toward the ruling system to the Qing dynasty, and the wearing of clothing that used animal hides, such as deerskin, was a symbol of being one of the "unassimilated peoples." Therefore, these practices were strictly forbidden by law in an attempt to make the boundary between Han and fan-ge visible, but the attempt was not always successful. Ironically, with changes in the international situation at the end of the Qing dynasty, particularly when the problem of jurisdiction over Mountain Aborigine lands emerged, the fan-ge, who had been so abhorred and restricted, were instead positively evaluated and incorporated as the lowest-ranking unit of governmental administration.