南宋の皇帝祭祀と臨安

Abstract

After the founding of the Southern Song dynasty, Gaozong 高宗 had no fixed residence and the time and place of imperial ceremonies was also uncertain as the turmoil due to the attacks of the Jin armies and the struggles between the faction seeking to prosecute the war and that seeking peace continued. When Jin founded Qi and no longer advanced its attack as far as Jiangnan, the time that Gaozong spent in Lin'an 臨安 increased, as a result, the Tomb of Imperial Ancestors 太廟 was established at Lin'an and the Dali 大禮 (the grand rite of imperial worship of Heaven) began to be conducted regularly by Gaozong. Regarding the Dali, they were conducted at the Mingtang 明堂 and were known as the Mingtang Dali, with the exception of the Nanjiao Dali 南郊大禮, the imperial rite that had been conducted in the southern outskirts of the capital at the time of the establishment of the Southern Song; but as time passed, the number of deities worshipped and ritual implements that were used increased as did the costs of operation, and the amount of preparation required grew. However, when examined in general, it would not be an exaggeration to say that imperial ceremonies were conducted on an ad hoc basis and in abbreviated fashion throughout this tumultuous period until the establishment of the second peace between Song and jin. However once the second peace between Song and Jin was established, imperial ceremonies was quickly readied at Lin'an. Not only was the Jinglinggong 景靈宮 constructed, the Tomb of Imperial Ancestors was extended, and both grew until by the end of the Southern Song, they were the size they had been during the Northern Song. Ceremonies such as the Shixiang 時饗 (the imperial rites of the four seasons) conducted by the emperor at the Jinglinggong and the Zhaoxiang 朝饗 (an imperial rite conducted prior to the Dali), which was performed at the Tomb of Imperial Ancestors, were both revived, and detailed ritual documents were produced as manuals for their future performance. Furthermore, when the imperial altar 圓丘 was built, ritual documents were created for the Dali at the same time. On the basis of these documents, Gaozong performed the Nanjiao Dali for the first time in 13 years. The ritual implements and the like were simplified in contrast to those of the Northern Song, but the imperial progress 鹵簿, on the other hand, proceeded through Lin'an capital just as had been done in the Northern Song, and it grew to the extent of those conducted at the beginning of the Northern Song. The necessity for Gaozong to express his authority and legitimacy, the tentative stability attained in domestic and foreign relations, and the birth of the wherewithal of the Southern Song regime to ready these ceremonies can be given as reasons for the preparation of these imperial ceremonies. Moreover, in addition to these reasons, the intention of Qin Hui 秦檜 to secure peace, making Lin'an the de facto capital by having the imperial rituals carried out there can also be cited as a reason. Qin Hui thus used imperial rituals for political purposes.