ロシア統治下におけるクルグズ首領層の權威について : 遊牧世界とイスラーム世界の閒で (特集 ポスト・モンゴル時代のアフロ・ユーラシア)

Abstract

This article uses the case of Shabdan Jantay uulu (1840-1912) to elucidate the authority of the Kyrgyz chieftain class under the Russian rule. Shabdan was a figure deeply linked to the establishment of the Russian rule in Kyrgyz society. He was counted as a high-ranking officer by the Russian Empire, and he played a special intermediary role in that rule. Based on these facts, this article considers the authority of Shabdan in terms of the overlap between Central Eurasian nomadic and Islamic worlds. The authority of Shabdan was rooted in the concept of batyr, meaning hero, that existed from ancient times in nomadic world of Central Eurasia. Prior to the Russian rule, the qualification most demanded of a Kyrgyz chieftain was courage and this was symbolized by the title batyr. As Kyrgyz nomadic society was incorpolated into the Russian Empire, the bellicosity of the clueftain grew etiolated, but the title batyr was nevertheless considered significant in Kyrgyz society. Within this context, it is notable that Shabdan held the title of batyr to the end of his life. His existence as a special intermediate linking Kyrgyz society and the Russian Empire was not simply due to his military rank in the Russian Empire, his authority was also buttressed by the title batyr, a hero of Central Eurasian nomads. Moreover, from the end of the 19th century to the start of the 20th century, it has become clear that Shabdan devised a way to increase his authority through Islam in addition to the use of the title batyr. The title batir haji that was newly employed by Shadan at the beginning of the 20th century can be said in fact to indicate this move. It can be surmised that as an intermediary linking the Islamic world and Kyrgyz nomadic society, Shabdan attempted to obtain a new significance as a chieftain in Kyrgyz society.