唐宋代の夜市

Abstract

While Chang'an during the Tang era was strictly controlled by the state under the Fangshi 坊市 system, at Kaifeng and Lin'an, the capitals of the Song dynasty, commerce and economy developed significantly, with the living standard of the common people being greatly improved. In addition, an active urban culture, in particular, the night market flourished, symbolized by the food culture that developed during the Song era. Previous studies have explained that the night market arose in the late Tang era, evolved gradually along with the relaxation of the Fangshi system, and then night businesses operated from the middle Song era with the absence of restrictions on the time and place, leading to the flourishing of the night market. However, the presence of the night market in the Han era has also been confirmed. In the first section of this paper, the author makes clear that the night market in China originated during the Han era, and points out the differing characters of "Han-era type" and the "Tang-era type" night markets. In the second section, he considers, on the basis of clues provided by the Lantern Festival (元宵節), the date of the inception of the night market at Chang'an in the Tang era, which was controlled by the prohibition of night businesses (夜禁). There is a possibility that saloons (酒肆) were open late at night during the reign of Yangdi of the Sui dynasty, and that the night market had gradually been established by the time of the reign of Gaozong (or the later portion of the reign of Taizong). In addition, at Kaifeng during the Northern Song dynasty, the prohibition of night businesses from the third to the fifth watch was strictly enforced until the reign of Shenzong. However, during the reign of Huizong, some stores stayed open all through the night as a consequence of the weakening of the prohibition on night businesses in concert with a change in lifestyles, and such a situation was inherited in Lin'an during the Southern Song dynasty. In the third section, the author examines the status of the food culture in the night markets of the Tang and Song eras. A "Tang-era type" was a saloon-oriented (酒樓・酒肆) night market that was enjoyed by the upper class, such as bureaucrats, scholar-officials and wealthy merchants. At that time, tearooms (茶肆) and restaurants (食店) complemented the night market, but the foods and drinks that were sold were of poor quality and meager quantity. On the other hand, at the "the Song-era type" night market not only saloons but also tearooms and restaurants evolved in terms of both in quantity and quality ; this contributed to the flourishing of the restaurant business during the Song era. At this market, a wide variety of foods, such as wheat products, meats, seafoods, vegetables, fruits, alcoholic drinks, tea and juices, were actively traded. In this fashion, city dwellers during the Song era enjoyed a rich food culture.