淸初科道官の構成と定員 : 定制への過程

Abstract

From the perspective of official personnel from the Ming dynasty onward, Supervising Secretaries and Censors were the "pure and vital" posts that, along with the membership in the Hanlin Academy (翰林院) and the Ministry of Personnel (吏部), were the most important approaches for advancement to Senior Officials (京堂官), Minister of the Ministry of Personnel (吏部尚書) and Grand Secretary of the Grand Secretariat (内閣大學士). Supervising Secretaries and Censors supervised the Six Ministries which were primarily responsible for administration, amending the imperial political system and restraining the emperor's actions with their proposals, however, the pure and vital position was abolished at the start of the Shunzhi's (順治) reign due to the dissatisfaction of the Qing emperor at being constrained. The direct measures taken were cutting back the number of Supervising Secretaries and Censors and adding Manchu members and thus increasing their Manchu character. By weakening the power of Remonstrance Officials (言官), the emperor prevented their collusion and strengthened Manchu imperial power. As a result, Supervising Secretaries and Censors were reorganized, thus Chinese bureaucracy and politics were transformed remarkably during the period when the Ming Dynasty was being replaced with the Qing.