モンゴル「獨立」問題と漢語概念 --キャフタ協定にいたる交渉を中心に--

Abstract

This paper aims to examine the diplomatic negotiations relating to Mongolia's "independence" and international status after the 1911 Revolution and clarifying the Chinese notion of the world order and its transformation. I first trace the process of the tripartite negotiations between Mongolia, Russia and China from the conclusion of the Russo-Mongolian Agreement in 1912 to the Kiakhta Treaty in 1915. Secondly, I focus on the language and actions of the Chinese and reexamine the correlation between Chinese interests and wording in the negotiations by chiefly conducting an special analysis of some Western concepts translated into Chinese, such as zizhu 自主/zizhi 自治[independence/autonomy], zhuquan 主權/zongzhuquan 宗主權[sovereignty/suzerainty], lingtu 領土/fanshu 藩屬[territory/ dependency], and so on. As a result, I clarify that although Russia and China recognized Outer Mongoliaʼs autonomy as a Chinese territory and Mongolia recognized Chinaʼs suzerainty in the treaty, both the Chinese and the Mongols were dissatisfied and imposed their own interpretations on such concepts as zongzhuquan [suzerainty], zizhi [autonomy], and so on. In addition, I point out that this not only necessitated Chinaʼs investiture, cefeng 册封, of "Bogd Khaan" and the abolition of Outer Mongoliaʼs autonomy only a few years later in 1919, but also brought about the conditions leading to the Mongolian Revolution in 1921. This historical process cannot be said to be unrelated to the concepts of "sovereignty" and "territorial integrity" that govern foreign relations in contemporary China. It can be regarded as a key source in examining the formation of nationalism in China and surrounding countries.