首都の地位を奪われた南京 --『洪武京城圖志』硏究序說--

Abstract

The Hongwu Jingcheng tuzhi is a book compiled by imperial edict and published in the 28th year of the Hongwu era (1395) of the Ming dynasty. The book contains eight illustrations, including those of the Huangcheng and the Jingcheng shanchuan, and 13 sections, including those devoted to palaces and castle gates. This book was published when construction of the capital city of Nanjing had reached its final stage -- which continued for 30 years leading up to the last years of Zhu Yuanzhang. This book was imbued with the strong sense of attachment that Emperor Hongwu felt towards Nanjing. However, this book was not widely disseminated during the Ming dynasty. The only extant wood-block version of this book is the second edition made during the Hongzhi era, which is held by the Nanjing Library, and the whereabouts of the first edition is unknown. The record of the publication of this book in vol. 243 of the Taizu shilu 太祖實錄 notes the title simply as Hongwu zhi. The chief officers involved in the editing, namely Director-General and Compiler, intentionally omitted the characters for capital city (Jingcheng) in an attempt to obscure the fact that such a book concerning the capital, Nanjing, had been published. The Taizu shilu, which was compiled in the Jianwen era for the first time, was revised twice by the order of Emperor Yongle. Only the final third, revised edition exists. It was during the first imperial visit to Beijing that the order for the final revision was given to Hu Guang and others who were Hanlin Academicians. Work began in Beijing based on direct instructions from the Emperor. This revision was finished and submitted in the 16th year of the Yongle era (1418). During this period, the project to relocate the capital had reached its final stage. The entourage of bureaucrats who accompanied the Emperor was already aware that Nanjing would lose its capital status and the capital would soon be transferred to Beijing. This was expected to come into conflict with the policy of revision, which stipulated that the Taizu shilu must be revised for the purpose of clarifying the legitimacy of the imperial succession from Emperor Hongwu to Emperor Yongle. Someone, such as the Director-General or the Compiler, noticed this and tried to ensure that the shift from the Nanjing capital system advanced by Emperor Yongle would be as inconspicuous as possible. It is thought that three characters (Jingcheng tu) were omitted from the title in the Taizu shilu, leaving only the word Hongwu zhi. It was not the case that Nanjing lost its status as a capital while the revisions were underway. However, prior to the relocation of the capital in the 19th year of the Yongle era (1421), preparations were initiated in the Taizu shilu to deprive Nanjing of its capital status.