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タイトル: | Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review |
著者: | Zahan, Khairul Kano, Manabu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2325-1043 (unconfirmed) |
著者名の別形: | 加納, 学 |
キーワード: | biodiesel palm oil by-products mill effluent properties sustainability |
発行日: | Aug-2018 |
出版者: | MDPI AG |
誌名: | Energies |
巻: | 11 |
号: | 8 |
論文番号: | 2132 |
抄録: | The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertain around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also arisen from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources including biodiesel is crucial. Biodiesel is mainly produced from unlimited natural resources through a transesterification process. It presents various advantages over petro-diesel; for instance, it is non-toxic, biodegradable, and contains less air pollutant per net energy produced with low sulphur and aromatic content, apart from being safe. Considering the importance of this topic, this paper focuses on the use of palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent for biodiesel production. Palm oil is known as an excellent raw material because biodiesel has similar properties to the regular petro-diesel. Due to the debate on the usage of palm oil as food versus fuel, extensive studies have been conducted to utilise its by-products and mill effluent as raw materials. This paper also discusses the properties of biodiesel, the difference between palm-biodiesel and other biodiesel sources, and the feasibility of using palm oil as a primary source for future alternative and sustainable energy sources. |
著作権等: | © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0). |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235193 |
DOI(出版社版): | 10.3390/en11082132 |
出現コレクション: | 学術雑誌掲載論文等 |
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