カトマンドゥの仏塔へのチベット人巡礼者と清朝の対チベット政策

Abstract

Swayambhunath and Boudhanath, which are white stupas in the suburbs of Kathmandu in Nepal, are holy places of Tibetan Buddhism. In particular, Boudhanath has a legend that is deeply connected with Tibetan history, meaning that many Tibetans have been visiting the site since ancient times. In the second half of the eighteenth century, before the first Sino-Nepalese war, the Tibetan government sent missions to Boudhanath in order to whitewash the walls of the stupa according to an old custom. Shamarpa, who was a famous reincarnated lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage, also visited this location to worship the stupas. In the end, he agitated the Gurkha court to invade Tibet and it is said that the first Sino-Nepalese war was thus broke out. After the war, the Tibet-Gurkha agreement was established in 1789, which defined and secure the Tibetan missions to the stupas of Kathmandu. Bstan' dzin dpal 'byor, who was a minister of the Tibetan government, was taken to Boudhanath by the Gurkha army as a captive during the second Sino-Nepalese war. The Tibetan pilgrims could therefore visit holy places in Nepal, even during wartime. After the second Sino-Nepalese war, the Qing established the Twenty-Nine Article Imperial Ordinance toward Tibet in 1793. In Article Two, it was ruled that when the Tibetan government's missions and Tibetan pilgrims visit the stupas of Kathmandu, the Ambans should issue a passport with a written expiration. If the return date expires, the Ambans can demand that the Gurkha King orders the pilgrims to return to Tibet. This content was General Fukangga's proposal. At first, Emperor Qianlong insisted that all Tibetans should be prohibited from visiting abroad for worship; nevertheless, he eventually agreed with General Fukangga's proposal. Emperor Qianlong aimed to establish a suitable ordinance for the Tibetan's situation and General Fukangga's institution was exactly that.