チベット旧社会の村落構造をめぐって --ダライ・ラマ政権の村落支配--

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between village structure and the rule of the Dalai Lama's government in rural Tibet, which was collapsed because of the "democratic reform" introduced by the People's Republic of China in 1959. Previous studies on Tibetan social history tended to pay a great deal of attention to the village typology in Tibet, which was based on their estate ownership. However, very little has been discussed the typology of the Tibetan villages based on their actual internal structure. I have used of Zangzu Shehui Lishi Diaocha (The Reports of the research on Tibetan society and history) , which was based on field researches conducted by Chinese sociologists in 1950s―an important corpus of information on social life in rural Tibet. The author uses this information to attempt a reconstruction of the internal structure of two government villages and discuss the nature of the rule of Dalai Lama's government in rural Tibet, especially in the first half of the twentieth century. Some previous studies premise that government villages in traditional Tibet were autonomous villages. However, the author's study shows that this was not the case in reality. The study found that government villages in Tibet include both the autonomous village and the manorial estate and proved that earlier studies tended to neglect internal diversity in government villages. Through this reconstructive work, it becomes clear that the distinction between manorial estate villages and autonomous village is critical for understanding the natives' point of view. Based on these findings, the author argues that the nature of the rule of the Dalai Lama's government in rural Tibet was a mixture of rigid, feudal-like superficial principle and fluid, practical, and laissez-faire operation of that principle.