<論説>太閤検地の斗代について

Abstract

太閤検地によって決定される石高は単なる米穀生産高でなく、商品生産、手工業、商品流通ばかりか、交通・運輸や旅宿などの収益活動をも含みこんだ、地域の平均的収益を勘案して決定されたものとみられる。この収益活動の地域差は検地における斗代の差となってあらわれ、商工業、サービス業などのかなり展開している地域ほど斗代が高く、逆に未展開な地域でしかも農業生産条件も劣悪な地域ほど低い。石高制は封建社会における新しいタイプの搾取方式として登場したものであり、右のような分業関係を内包する社会的総生産力に照応した斗代の決定は、新しい封建領主の全剰余労働搾取の志向をよくあらわしている。しかし、太閤検地の斗代は戦闘期の貢租率と同様に不正確で多様性に富み、全体的には低斗代へくずれをみせて、剰余の一定部分の留保の可能性を農民に与えた。かくして留保される農民的剰余は新田開発や小農民経営、商品生産や流通への源泉となったが、全剰余労働搾取という新たな領主的課題をせおう幕藩領主が、元和期前後から延宝期にかけてつぎつぎと検地を実施する。この期の検地を通じて各村落聞の斗代差も同一村内における斗代のくずれも是正されるが、一方では石高の固定化をもたらし、農民的剰余蓄積への展望はさらにひらけるのである。

Kokudaka 石高, which was determined by the Taikō Kenchi (Hideyoshi's Cadastral Survey), is not the expression simply of rice output, but rather of the production of commercial crops, manufacturing, and trade, also taking into consideration the geographical advantages of the region, including the profit-making activities of transport and inn-keeping. The regional differences in profit-making are shown by the different todai 斗代 cetermined at the time of the survey; it is higher in those villages where commerce, manufacturing, services, etc. are considerably developed, and on the contrary lower in those villages where they are undeveloped and conditions of cultivation are poor. The kokudaka system appeared as a new type of exploitation in feudal society, and the determination of todai corresponding to social productive power as a whole shows clearly the new trend towards the exploitation of the whole surplus labor by feudal lords. But this todai of the Taikō cadastral survey, like those of the Sengoku period, was not uniform, and as a whole it was lower than the official standard, giving the peasantry the opportunity to reserve a certain surplus. Then this reserved surplus permitted the exploitation of new rice fields, stable management by small farmers, and production and circulation of commodities. The Tokugawa feudal lords, who had the task of exploiting the entire surplus labor, enforced the land survey from the Genna 元和 period to that of Empō 延宝. Through this survey the differences of todi values among villages and within a single village were corrected, but on the other hand, kokudaka became fixed and afforded to peasants the opportunity of accumulating a surplus.