<論説>鎌倉初期の公武関係 : 建久年間を中心に

Abstract

鎌倉幕府創業期をめぐる研究史の上で、比較的研究の累積の少ない建久年間の政治的意義を明らかにしようと試みた。手始めに大姫入内問題を再検討すると、この計画がもち上ったのは従来の推定時期よりも大分早く、遅くとも建久二年春ごろからであったことが判る。それは文治五年に戦争状態が終結した後、公武間にもたらされた融和的情況の下で、王朝国家の忠実な侍大将に変貌した頼朝の心中に芽生えた抜き難い貴族性の発露であり、この頃から既に兼実と頼朝との協力関係にある種の変調が認められるのである。斯かる頼朝の意識と行動は建久七年の政変を経ても止揚されることはなく、頼家に受け継がれ再び正治元年の失政を招いた。このような失政を繰り返す源氏将軍とその側近の動静は、次第に一般御家人の支持を失ない、在地領主勢力を背景とした北条氏の抬頭と鎌倉殿独裁体制の崩壊とを容易にする一方、対朝廷関係に於ける幕府の立場をますます困難なものにしたと考えられる。

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the political aspect of the shogunal regime in Kamakura during the Kenkyu period (1190-1196) to which our historians attached little importance in their historical writings. To begin with, the matrimonial relation between the imperial court in Kyoto and this military government in the east had been foretoken earlier than was supposed. This change of policy of the shogunate was brought about by the peace of 1189 which ended the state of war, but at the same time it was put forward by Yoritomo himself who had already become an aristocratic figure in the court circle keeping friendly relation with Fujiwara Kanezane, the courtly magnet of the period. Even the political crisis of 1196 did not stop the pursuit of this line of policy which was in turn succeeded by Yoriie. The result was another crisis of 1199. These failures, however, led to the dissatisfaction of the retainers who had once supported the Minamotos and undermined their dictatoral structure. They had to meet with the rise of the Hojos and even more difficulties in their relation with Kyoto.