<論説>清代後期山東省における「団匪」と農付問題

Abstract

減豊、同治年間、山東省は太平天国・捻軍の攻撃を受け、それに呼応して山東省内各地で抗糧抗官の運動がおこった。この運動を担ったのは郷村の階級構成において圧倒的部分をしめた貧窮自耕農層であった。清朝は、この危機を切り抜けるために郷紳地主を中心とする団練を奨励したが、貧窮自耕農もまた清朝権力・郷紳地主と対立するなかで団練その他の組織(たとえば黒旗軍・長槍会など) を形成した。前者の組織した団練は「官団」「白団」などといわれ、後者のものは「黒団」「偽団」「悪団」「団匪」などと称された。団練組織に依据しながら貧窮自耕農が蹶起した原因は、「浮収」「団費」などによりなされた清朝権力・郷紳地主の不法な収奪の強化にあった。抗糧抗官としてなされた闘争は、納税拒否の反官闘争であったが、当時貧窮自耕農の置かれていた位置からして、それは同時に反封建闘争として遂行されざるを得なかった。清末における階級対立の基本は、地主階級と貧農階級との間にあり、郷紳地主は、折から郷村部分に浸透してくる帝国主義勢力の前に買弁的・ブルジョア的に変身しつつ、帝国主義勢力とともに貧農をその影響下に置いていく。こうした中で、十九世紀末から貧農階級は反封建反帝国主義の課題を担わざるを得なくなることが次第に明瞭になる。

In the age of hsien-feng 咸豊 and t'uang-chih 同治, the Shan-tung district was assaulted by the T'ai-p'ing ti'en-kuo 太平天国 and the Nienchiin 捻軍, and in concert with it, there uprised the k'ang-liang k'angkuan 抗糧抗官 movement in many places. This movement was carried by the poor free-holding peasant class that occupied the overwhelming part of the country classes. The Ch'ing dynasty, in order to meet this crisis, encouraged the t'uanlien 団棟 composed mainly of local élite landlords 郷紳地主, but, on the other hand, the poor free-holding peasants also formed another organizations--for example, Hei-ch'i-chün 黒旗軍 anc Ch'ang-ch'iang-hui 長槍会--The t'uan-lien which the former organized was called "kuan-t'uan "｢官団｣ or "pai-t'uan" ｢白団｣. The one which the latter organized was called "hei-t'uan" ｢黒団｣, "wei t'uan" ｢偽団｣, "ê-t'uan" ｢悪団｣ or "t'uanfei" ｢団匪｣. The reason why the poor free-holding peasants uprised on the basis of t'uan-lien organizations was that the Ch'ing dynasty and local élite landlords had aggrandized the unlawful plunder by the charge of the "fu-shou" ｢浮収｣, "t'uan-fei" ｢団費｣. The k'ang-liang k'ang-kuan movement was the anti-government struggle to refuse the taxes, but, at the same time, the position of the poor free-holding peasants could not but develop the movement into the anti-feudalistic struggle. The basic class struggle of the later Ch'ing dynasty was the one between the landlords class and the poor free-holding peasants. The local élite landlords, transforming themselves into the comprador and bourgeois entity, in the face of the imperialistic forces which, at that time, were penetrating the country part of China, were putting the poor peasants under their influences with the imperialistic forces. In this condition, it became clearer that the poor peasant class from the end of nineteenth century, could not but assume the subjects of both antifeudalism and anti-imperialism.