<論説>スキタイ式轡の系譜

Abstract

ザカフカスからドニエープル河流域に至るスキタイの領域より出土した青銅製・鉄製轡をスキタイ式轡と呼び、その型式分類を行った。銜を五型式、鑣を八型式に分類し、各々の変化の方向をたどると、銜・鑣に見られる型式の相違は時間の経過に伴うものであることが理解できた。さらに、銜と鑣とが組み合った轡として捉えてみても同様な状況を示した。そこで、銜を基準に編年してみると、ⅠおよびⅡＡ・ⅡＢ型式がプレスキタイ期(前九～七世紀) 、Ⅲ型式がスキタイ文化初期(前六世紀) 、Ⅳ型式が同中期(前五～四世紀) に属し、各時期毎に伴出する斧・剣・鏃・土器・動物意匠などの遺物も型式を変えていること、つまり轡は他の遺物とセット関係を有して変化したことがあとづけられた。右の事実は、スキタイ文化成立の事情とその変化のあり方を物語っているばかりでない。タガール・オルドス等東方の諸文化においては、轡をはじめとするスキタイ文化初期の型式をもった遺物がセット関係を示して出現しており、これら諸文化の成因にはスキタイ文化の強大な影響のあったことを示唆している。

The scythian bridles found from northern and eastern regions of the Black Sea are typologically divided into several groups: bits can be classified into five types (I, IIA, IIB, III, IV) and psalia into eight types (ia, ib, ii~vii) and bone. A part of III and the all of IV, vi and vii are made of iron and the rest are made of bronze. Typological differences among these groups can be understood as the result of the transitional change. The typological change of the bridle, the association of bit and psalia, can be set up as follows: I + ia→IIA+ia・ii→IIB+ib・ii →III+iii・vi→VI+vi・bone→IV+v・vii. According to the typological classification, the author intended to establish the chronology of the scythian bridle. Consequently types I, IIA and IIB belonged to the Pre-scythian Period (9th~7th century B. C.), type III to the Early Scythian Period (6th c. B. C.) and type IV to the Middle Scythian Period (5th~4th c. B. C.). Main objects of the Scythian culture, such as adzs, swards, arrow heads, pottery and animal style, have been known to have transitionally changed in accordance with each period. Therefore, the scythian bridles can be seen to have a co-relation with other objects. The fact that the set of the objects including bridles had been changing their style as the time went by shows not only how the Scythian culture originated and developed, but how far and how strongly its influence expanded to the east. In Tagar and Ordos culture, the set of the objects including scythian style bridles, types I and III, emerged simultaneously showing deep scythian influence.