<論説>県郷亭里制度の原理と由来

Abstract

秦漢の県郷亭里制は、伝文に矛盾があり、漢代の統計ともあわないとして、種々問題とされてきたが、秦の商鞅の阡陌制を、縦五千歩、横二千四百歩(×二) の道によって百頃の耕地を十区劃つくり、核家族の成年男子に一頃ずつ割りあてた制度とし、一郷＝一阡陌、千五百戸(うち五百戸城内) 、都郷＝二阡陌、県＝一都郷、三下郷、百里四方、十里に一亭、百里に一都郷をおいたとすると、すべての伝文を矛盾なく解釈できるだけでなく、統計と一致する。漢代の統計によると、一県＝耕地五千頃、可耕地未墾田二万頃、邑居山川林沢一万二千五百頃である。これは、魏の李悝のいう地方百里の侯国の墾田対邑居山川林沢の比と一致する。これによってみると、秦漢の県郷亭里制は、李悝の尽地力説と商鞅の阡陌制によったものであったと認められる。

The problem of the Hsien 県 Hsiang 郷 T'ing 亭 Li 里・system in the Ch'in 秦 and Han 漢 period has been very controversial subject hitherto. For the descriptions of the history books on this system contradict one another and don't accord with the statistics in the Han 漢 period. However, we can not only understand all the descriptions without confusion, but also find their corrspondence with the statistics, if we presume as follows. That, in the Ch'ien-mo 阡陌 system by Shang-yang 商鞅 in the Han 漢 period, one Ch'ien-mo 阡陌 consisted of ten square sections of cultivated land, each of which was 5, 000 Pus 歩 long and 2, 400 Pus 歩 broad, one hundred Ch'ings 頃 in area and bordered by lanes. And every grownup man in a single family received one Ch'ing 頃. That, one Hsiang 郷 consisted of one Ch'ien-mo 阡陌, 1, 500 doors--among them, 500 doors were included within castle zone.--, Tou-hsiang 都郷 consisted of two Ch'ien-mos 阡陌, and, Hsien 県 consisted of one Touhsiang 都郷 and three Shiahhsiangs 下郷 within one hundred lis 里 around. And, one T'ing 亭 every ten lis 里, one Tou-hsiang 都郷 every one hundred lis 里 were set up. According to the statistics in the Han 漢 period, one Hsien 県 consisted of 5, 000 Ch'ings 頃 of cultivated land, 20, 000 Ch'ings 頃 of uncultivated arable land, and 15, 000 Ch'ings 頃 of villages, hills, rivers, forests and swamps. This description accords with the ratio of the area of the culivated land to that of villages, hills, rivers, forests and swamps in the feud country (侯国) within one hundred lis 里 around, described by Li Huang 李煌 in the Wei 魏 period. Consequently, we can recognize, the Hsien 県 Hsiang 郷 T'ing 亭 Li 里・system in the Ch'ing 秦 Han 漢 period came from both Chin-Ti-Li 盡地力 theory by Li-Huang 李煌 and Ch'ien-mo 阡陌 system by Shang-Yang 商鞅.