<論説>義の観念の社会的展開について : 殷周～前漢

Abstract

ここで問題としたのは、義という一つのコトバであらわされる概念が、時代的変化の中でどのように対応的に変化し、また新しい概念として展開したかということである。そのため〝義〟であらわされる観念が、その他の社会的価値の概念、仁・徳・礼・利等とともにどのような観念的世界を形成していたか、またそれがどのように変化したかを検討した。その結果、殷～春秋、戦国前漢という二つの段階を区別することができた。第一の段階では義は基本的には、氏族的血縁集団の秩序の規範であったが、地縁的要素の成長の中で、その後期には義・儀の二つの概念に分化した。第二の段階では、民間の実際的行為としての利義相関の立場を反映して、論語から墨家・孟子をへて荀子に至って、イデオロギー的にも利義の両観念が統一的にとらえられるようになるが、そこでは義＝社会的秩序が、利＝社会的発展をうみだすとする立場がとられた。漢代に入って董仲舒は、義の重視の立場をさらにおしすすめて、義を内的倫理とする義一元論をうちたてた。この第二段階の義の観念の変容には、集権的官僚体制の発展とゆきづまりが反映している。

In this article I would like to show how an idea expressed by a word yi 義 had changed and turned into a new idea corresponding with the change of time. In throwing light on that problem, I investigated into the ideal world which was composed of yi and other social ideas, jên 仁 tê 徳, li 礼, and 利. I also followed the transition of that ideal world. I came to a conclusion that there were two stages in the social development of the idea yi; one, from Yin to Ch'un-ch'iu 春秋 era, the other, from Chan-kuo 戦国 to Ch'ien-han era. In the first stage yi was the criterion of the blood relation of Clan system. At the later period of that stage, however, as the local relation grew, the idea of yi was split into two ideas yi and gi 儀. In the second stage li 利 (social development) and yi (social order) were grasped collectively as an ideology in Lun-yii 論語, Mo-tzū 墨家, Mêng-tsū 孟子, and especially in Hsun-tsu 荀子. It was insisted in those books that yi brough about li. In these understanding of yi was reflected the notion that there was close relation between li and yi, which was the popular standard of practical action. In the Han period Tung-chung-shu 董仲舒 attached much more importance to yi and put forward the theory that yi should be regarded as the only inner ethic. I think the development of the centralized bureaucracy and its deadlock were reflected in the change of the idea of yi in the second stage.