<論説>細川・三好体制研究序説 : 室町幕府の解体過程

Abstract

本稿は、戦国期に於る畿内の政治史研究のための基礎作業を上部構造に限定して試みたものである。まず戦後の通説に於て殆ど崩壊し去ったと見做されてきた応仁乱後の室町幕府が、守護統制は喪失したものの、幕府の権門統制は極地化しながら依然存続していることを強調した。次に大永末～天文の細川晴元政権時代を、古文書学的方法に依りつつ支配構造を究明し、その京都支配は管領代－山城郡代という体制であり、その中核は摂津国衆の軍事力であることを検証した。また晴元被官奉書の分析の結果、幕府奉行人奉書に追随して「管領代添状」が発給されている事実を明かにし、この添状は主として在京権門＝荘園領主により正当化されていることを論証した。従来政所寄人と見做されていた応仁以降の奉行人の中には、管領奉行人が多数存在していた。次で管領代添状の発生過程及びその意義につき考察した。最後に大永天文期の政治過程を総括し、大永末享禄期に堺に室町慕府に代る別系統の幕府が存在していたことを確認し、「堺幕府成立＝室町幕府中絶」説を提唱した。次で三好元長敗死・山科本願寺焼打・天文法華乱を摂津国衆と在京権門による奪権闘争として位置付け、これらの戦乱で晴元被官＝摂津国衆の利害が貫徹した結果、天文五年以降在京権門と摂津国衆の連合政権が成立したと結論し、その崩壊＝三好長慶抬頭の事情も併せて考察した。

In this article, I would like to try the basic work for the political study of Kinai 畿内 in the Sengoku 戦国 period, limited within the analysis of the upper structure. The content of this article is as follows. First, I emphasize that, Muromachi-bakufu, which in the common theory after the World War II has been thought to have ruined after the War of Ohnin 応仁の乱, nevertheless, remained with its control over Shugo 守護 lost and with its control over powerful families minimized. Second, investigating the control-structure of the Regime of Hosokawa Harumoto 細川晴元 from the end of Daiei 大永 to Tenmon 天文 by the medium of the archival analysis, I find out its control over Kyoto 京都 was sustained by Kanrei-dai 管領代-Yamashirodai 山城代 system and its pivotal core was the military force of Kunishu 国衆 of Settsu 摂津. Moreover, through the analysis of Hikan-hosho 被官奉書 of Harumoto, I clarify the fact that "Kanreidai-soejo" ｢管領代添状｣ was issued following Bakufu-bugyonin-hosho 幕府奉行人奉書, and recognize this Soejo was justified by the powers in Kyoto-the manor lords, and there were many Kanrei-bugyonins among Bugyonins after Ohnin who have been thought to have been Mandokoro-Yoryudo 政所寄人 heretofore. Third, I investigate the making process and the significance, of Kanreidai-soejo. Last, summing up the political process from Daiei to Tenmon, I recognize there exsisted another type of Bakufu in Sakai 堺 substituting for Muromachi-bakufu, and propose the theory of the establishing of Sakai-bakufu-the discontinuity of Muromachi-bakufu. After all, I conclude as follows; that, the defeat of Miyoshi Motonaga 三好元長, the destruction of Yamashina-Honganji 山科本願寺, and the revolt of Hokke 法華 in Tenmon can be interpreted as usurping struggle by Kunishu of Settsu and the powerful families in Kyoto; that, in this war the interests of Hikan of Harumoto-Kunishu of Settsu were maintained, so that coalition regime by powerful families in Kyoto and Kunishu of Settsu was established after the fifth year of Tenmon. Besides, I add the reason why the regime ruined, that is, why Miyoshi Nagayoshi 三好長慶 rose up.