<論説>旗本領と近世の郷荘 : 遠州井伊谷・気賀地方を例として

Abstract

徳川譜代の筆頭として活躍した彦根藩主井伊氏の旧地である浜名湖の北辺、井伊谷・気賀地方には、近世をつうじて井伊谷五近藤家領と称せられる旗本領が展開していた。近藤家は中世末期より井伊谷に在住して永禄一一年(一五六八) の徳川家康の遠州経略の手びきをなした功臣として出世し、元和五年(一六一九) には大名格として父祖の地井伊谷に陣屋を構えたが、ほどなく領地を解体分知して、金指・井伊谷・気賀・大谷・石岡の五旗本家領を析出させた。これは近世に数多い大名失格のうち極めて特異な事例といえるが、本稿では五家の領地の分布と変遷をあとづけ、旗本領への解体分知が、姫街道の要衝気賀関の管理と関連が深いことを示した。また分知解体後も、旧井伊谷領本高という連帯は強く、気賀宿の助郷圏にも反映していた。つぎにこれらの近藤家領のなかで、気賀近藤家の陣屋所在地であり、関所と宿場がおかれた要地気賀をとりあげ、近世の村落体制を分析した。ここは行政的には大きく一村に画定されながらも、「内証わけ」されて、七個の構成村と町・老ケ谷新田の九単位から成立していた。こうした複合的藩政村形成の要因として、三方原原野の入会権、湖岸の新田開発、漁業権などをとりあげて検討した結果、近世をつうじて各構成村間の錯綜関係はむしろ強化され、中世的な歴史的領域である気賀荘という地域が、関所の管理という条件にも支えられて、他にみられるような構成集落を基礎とする近世的な村へ分解せずに、維持されていったことを論証した。

There spread a Hatamoto Territory called Iidani-Go-Kondo 井伊谷五近藤 in Iidani･Kega 井伊谷･気賀 district which was situated in the region to the north of Lake Hamana 浜名湖 and had been held by famous Ii 井伊 family. Kondo family had resided in Iidani 井伊谷 and was promoted to the substantial Daimyo 大名 status by playing the scouting role successfully in Tokugawa Ieyasu's 徳川家康 invasion into Enshu 遠州 in the eleventh year of Eiroku 永禄 (1568), and built Jinya 陣屋 in its home territory, Iidani in the fifth year of Genna 元和 (1619), but soon divided itself into five Hatamoto Territories, that is, Kanasashi 金指, Iidani･Kega, Ohtani 大谷, Ishioka 石岡. This case was very peculiar one compared with many downfalls of Daimyos. In this article, I would like to follow the distribution and changing process of the territories of the five families, and show that this division into five Hatamoto Territories was deeply connected with the administration of important Kega-barrier 気賀関 in the way of HimeKaido 姫街道, moreover, I would like to show that, after the division, the bondage among the old Kondo family was so strong, and reflected in the sphere of Sukego 助郷 of Kega-barrier. Among these five territories, taking the case of important Kega Territory where the barrier and inns were set up, I would like to analyze the system of a modern village. Administratively this territory was regarded as one village at large, but was divided implicitly 内証わけ and composed, of seven small villages, one town and Rogatani-Shinden 老ケ谷新田. By the analysis of the right of Iriai 入会権, the development of the coast of Lake Hamana into new cultivated land, and the right of fishing, all of which was supposed to make this complex-village of the Han 藩-Regime, and I would like to conclude that, all through the modern ages, complex relation among these small villages was aggrandized and Kega territory, one example of medieval region in its substance, supported by the administration of the barrier, did not dissolve into a modern village based upon another type of settlements, and was maintained thenceforth.