<論説>ヨアンネス・サレスベリエンシスの学芸観

Abstract

ヨアンネス・サレスベリエンシスはその豊富な著作と書簡に、彼の時代の状況、人物像、論争等々について記しており、その点で十二世紀文化史上の不可欠の史料を残したことから、古くから利用され研究されてきた。しかし彼は明確に主張を打出す哲学者、思想家ではなく、したがって、その研究方向は表白された思想の成果より、むしろそれらを支える精神の面を問題とする方が有効かと思われる。本稿は、「十二世紀ルネサンス」論への否定的見解と、彼を「人文主義者」という点で規定しようとする傾向への疑問をモチーフとして、彼の精神のあり方を考えるために、著書『メタロギコン』を軸にして彼の学芸観を検討しようとするものである。まず彼の学芸修得上のいくつかの見解を明らかにして、次に古典に対してもった姿勢、真理の表明や自己の判断決定に際して示した「中庸の精神」を検討しつつ、その基底部においては、人間理性に対する強い信頼感、学芸を何よりも世俗倫理規範として捉えようとする傾向、そして「中庸の精神」が彼の学芸観を規定していたことを結論する。

John of Salisbury marks a distinguished figure in the intellectual activities of the twelfth century. His attitude to the so-called Becketconflict, his political theory, his varied career as well as his vast descriptions of the various problems of his time, those are all interesting and have well called our attention. But we must not underestimate him as a philosopher or an educational theorist, and in that aspect, I think, his most interesting figure is laid out. In this treatise, first, I analyze his view of learning. The main theme of his Metalogicon is logica, which is a valuable asset in all fields of philosophy, but which, if isolated, is nothing but useless and sterile. Seeing his assertion that artes aim at sapientia, the fruits of which are amor boni and virtutum cultus, and that the potentialities of one's natural talent are realized by pursuing artes, we can consider his view of learning essentially practical rather than specially philosophical or theological. Secondly, I examine his attitude to the auctoritas and his distinguished character of "moderation". The most important thing for him is to search the truth. Therefore, he attached great value to the classical authors (auctoritas) not because they were ancients but because they told the truth: and if only the truth was pursued, he did not adhere to the complicated varieties of the ways to it.