<論説>没官領・謀叛人所帯跡地頭の成立 : 国家恩賞授与権との関連をめぐって

Abstract

鎌倉幕府成立期の地頭の二系列(国地頭と荘郷地頭) のうち、本稿は平家没官領・謀叛人所帯跡におかれた荘郷地頭の成立を論じている。すなわち、その成立過程は⒜義仲没落後の寿永三年三月に後白河院が京都で作成した「平家没官注文」(後白河注文) を基礎にした頼朝の平家没官領惣領権の掌握、⒝元暦元年七月におきた伊賀・伊勢の平氏叛乱の鎮圧を契機とする頼朝御家人加藤太光員による「伊勢国没官注文」(光員注文) の作成、ならびに、それを基礎にする元暦二年六月の伊勢国における地頭職補任、⒞伊勢国にややおくれて着手された元暦二年三月壇ノ浦合戦後の源範頼による九州の没官領調査等の諸段階を経て、⒟文治元年十一月の国地頭の発足ならびに、翌二年六月までの存続の期間をむかえるが、この間にあっても没官領・謀叛人所帯跡を惣領して、ここに荘郷地頭を補任するという頼朝の上記の政治路線の基本は変らず、この間に地頭職という名称の統一がはかられ、以後、鎌倉時代を通ずる荘郷地頭の存続が保証されることになる。

By the time Kamakura-bakufu 鎌倉幕府 was formed two kinds of jitō were set up: kunijitō 国地頭 and shōgōjitō 荘郷地頭. In this article I would like to treat the latter, which was set up in the estate confiscated of Heike and other traitors. The making process of shōgōjitō is composed of four stages as follows. 1. Yoritomo Minamoto 源頼朝 got the right to control the estate confiscated of Heike in conformity with 'Heike-mokkanchūmon 平家没官注文', a document issued by ex-emperor Goshirakawa 後白河 in March 1184. 2. After suppressing the revolt of Heike in Iga 伊賀 and Ise 伊勢 province in July 1184, Mitsukazu Katōda 加藤太光員, a retainer of Yoritomo, issued a document named 'Isenokuni-mokkanchūmon 伊勢国没官注文'. Under the provision of that document Jitō office was set up there in the next year. 3. Noriyori Minamoto 源範頼 inquired into the confiscated estates in Kyushu 九州 district after the battle of Dannoura 壇ノ浦 in 1185. 4. Finally Yoritomo continued to set up the shōgōjitō in the confiscated estates while kunijitō came to existence in 1185 and lasted eight months. In the meantime office name was standardized to jitōshiki 地頭職, and shōgōjitō would keep its function throughout Kamakura era.