<論説>第一次国共合作時期の広東省農民運動

Abstract

第一次国共合作後、広東省では中国最初の組織的農民運動が開始された。当時、省内各地には軍閥が割拠し、国民党の勢力はきわめて弱体であった。国民党には、是非とも農民を組織する必要があった。農民運動を指導したのは共産党員であった。各地に農民協会が樹立されはじめると、郷村の紳士・地主の権力機構である「民団」とのあいだに、衝突がおこった。階級闘争を否定する国民党の側からは、共産党員が農民運動を牛耳り、いたずらに衝突を引きおこすという非難が集中した。しかし、省内の統一過程にあっては、農民協会の発展は少くとも国民党に有利であった。広東省が統一されると、国民党は農民の要求に答えなかった。農民の反撥に対しては、行政干渉という非難がおこなわれた。民団と農民協会の衝突にも、治安を乱すという非難があびせられた。さらに、北伐の開始は、後方の安寧確保という名のもとに、農民の要求を封じこめた。一方、農民運動は、ごく一部の地域をのぞいては弱体であった。また、北伐の後方基地という情況からも、省内では郷村政権の奪取というスローガンは、だしえなかった。このようないきづまりのなかで、広東省農民運動は、圧殺されていった。

After the first Nationalist-Communist Cooperation, the initial systematic peasant movement in China was started in Kwangtung Province. In these days, there were various military factions in the Province and the Nationalist Party's strength was extremely weak. There was an absolute necessity for the Nationalist Party to organize peasants. Leaders of these peasant movements were members of the Communist Party. When agrarian societies were beginning to form at various places, there were conflicts occurring between the societies and the "settlement cooperations" which were authoritarian structure by the proprietary classes in villages. From the side of the Nationalist Party which denying any class strife, accusation was concentrated on the members of the Communist Party that they were ruling peasant movements to cause conflicts in vain. In the process of province unification, however, development of agrarian societies turned at least favarable to the Nationalist Party. Upon unification of Kwangtung Province, the Nationalist Party failed to respond to the peasants' demands. About peasants' resistance they accused it of administrative interference. Accusation was also made to the conflicts between the "settlement cooperations" and agrarian societies that they were disturbing public peace and order. Furthermore, the initiation of subjugation over the North contained the peasants' demands under the name of maintenance of stability and peace on the civilian front. On the other hand most of the peasant movements were weak excepting those at very limited districts. Moreover, being the base behind the line of subjugation, a slogan for accession to power in villages could not be carried out in the Province. Having come to such a complete standstill, peasant movements in Kwangtung Province were being crushed down.