<論説>ロシア史料より見たグシ汗の事績

Abstract

オイラトのグシ汗 Gǖši xān(顧実汗) が一六三六年青海湖畔へ遠征して、翌三七年ツォクトゥーホンタイジの軍を撃滅したのを皮切りに、チベット全土を平定して、一六四二年チベット王の座に昇った経緯はよく知られているが、それより以前、即ち故郷のジュンガリアに居た時期のグシ汗の行状はほとんど知られていない。本稿はこれをロシアの古文書に拠って明らかにしようとしたものである。ロシア古文書によれば、グシ汗はタルバガタイ山麓に本拠を置いたが、一六三〇年敵を追ってエンバ川上流のカラクム Xara Xum に姿を見せた他、一六三四年にカザーフ遠征に参加した等の事実が知られる。ツォクトゥーホンタイジ撃滅戦の記録もロシア古文書に残されている。その他、グシ汗の兄バイバガスに関してもロシア古文書に若干の記録があり、それらによれば、バイバガスは一六二〇年代末頃殺害され、その未亡人グンジーハトゥン Günǰi xatun はグシ汗と再婚したと考えられる。故バイバガスのオイラト汗位を継いだグシ汗がチベットへ移住した後も、グンジーハトゥンは故地に留まって、夫の留守を守りつつオイラト人の信望を集めたこともロシア古文書から窺い知ることができる。

It was in 1637 that Güši xān 顧実汗 of Oyirad, after the military expedition to Köke nōr 青海湖 in 1636, annihilated the troops of Čortu qongtayiji. Starting with this victory he pacified the whole of Tibet and at last became the king of Tibet in 1642, which process has been relatively well known to us. But hitherto few studies have been made on the early part of his life in his homeland Jungaria. In this article, using the Russian Archives, we try to throw light upon the obscure part of his life. In that Archives we can find some of his figures. For example, in 1630, he pursued an enemy from the foot of the Tarbaratai, where his headquarter was situated, to Xara xum on the upper stream of the Enba, and in 1634, participated in the military expedition to Kazax. The battle against Čortu qontayiji is also recorded in the Archives. Moreover we have found in the same records on his elder brother Bayibaras, who seems to have been killed towards the end of 1620s. According to these records, Günji xatun, Bayibaras' widow, was remarried with Güši xān. After Güši xān succeeded his late brother Bayibaras as Oyirad xān and moved to Tibet, she remained in their home country and, enjoying the confidence of all Oyirad, kept it well during her husband's absence.