<論説>多鈕鏡の研究

Abstract

多鈕鏡は遼寧地方・朝鮮・日本・沿海州などの東北アジア一帯から出土する特異な鏡であり、この鏡は幾何学的な文様をあらわし複数の鈕を持つという中原の鏡とは異なる特徴を備えている。また多鈕鏡は、やはり中原やオルドス地方の剣と異なる遼寧式銅剣や細形銅剣を伴う。これらのことから、多鈕鏡が東北アジアの初期金属器文化を解明するための一つの鍵であることがわかる。そのため多鈕鏡は現在までにさまざまの角度から研究がなされてきたのであるが、その成果が各地域の初期金属器文化の編年や、地域間の有機的な関係の解明に充分役立てられるまでには至っていない。そこで本稿では多鈕鏡を型式分類・編年する中で三つの画期を設定し、それが各地域の初期金属器文化の動向や東北アジアの政治変動と密接な関係があることを明らかにした。すなわち多鈕鏡の起源は遼寧地方にあり、第一の画期を朝鮮式金属器文化の成立、第二の画期を中原の鋳鏡技術の波及・分布の拡大、第三の画期を楽浪郡の設置による西北朝鮮における多鈕鏡の消滅として把握した。日本及び沿海州出土の多鈕鏡も、これらの東北アジアの動きの中に位置づけることができるのである。

Tachûkyo 多鈕鏡 is found in North East Asia (Liaoning 遼寧, Korea, Japan, Maritime Province of Siberia 沿海州). These peculiar mirrors are different from those of North China, in that they have several knobs and geometrical patterns. Still more, these mirrors are found in company with the Liaoning and Korean type of bronze swords. In view of these points, Tachûkyo is one of the keys to bring the civilization of the early Metal Age to light. Therefore Tachûkyo has been investigated from various points of view up to now. We, however, have not reached the point where results of these investigations can be utilized to chronologize early Metal Age in each district and to disclose the mutual relations between these districts. Then in this article, by classifying the types of Tachûkyo and chronologizing them, I would like to make it clear that the history of Tachûkyo is closely connected with the cultural trend of the Early Metal Age and with the contemporary fluctuations in North East Asia. To sum up, the history of Tachûkyo is divided by three epochs. Tachûkyo is originated in Liaoning, and by the first epoch, the Korean Metal culture came into existence. By the second epoch the techniques of casting mirrors spread from North China to other districts and Tachûkyo came to have a larger range of distribution. And by the third epoch, the establishment of Rakurô-gun 楽浪郡 made Tachûkyo disappear from North West Korea. In addition to this, Tachûkyo found in Japan and Maritime Province of Siberia can be grasped as the part of this wider cultural circle of North East Asia.