<論説>戴名世断罪事件の政治的背景 : 戴名世・方苞の学との関連において

Abstract

清初、康煕末年の戴名書断罪事件にあらわれた清初の思想弾圧の政治的背景と、その当事老である戴名世と、それに連坐した方苞の思想遍歴の軌跡を辿ることにより、清初政治史の一端を明らかにしようとする。まづ、この獄と同時におこった江南科場案との関係につき考察し、両者の連関性の中に、清朝のめざす政治姿勢を追求しようとする。その中で程朱学を遵奉する清官が重要な役割を果していた点が指摘される。次に戴名世が断罪された理由を考察し、それは、彼が逸民の意識をもち続け、明末清初の史実の記述を行ったことにあったとする。それと対称的に、この獄に連坐した方苞は、逸民的志向を脱して窮理の学に進んだことが、免罪された理由である点を明らかにした。この獄は、そういう意味で、清初の政治と学術の動向を占う重要な事件であったと思われる。

This article chiefly aims at throwing light upon one aspect of the early political history of Ch'ing 清 era by making inquiries into the political background of the conviction of Tai Ming-shih, a suppressive censorship case in the early Ch'ing era, and by following the traces of the thought of both Tai Ming-shih, the main convict, and Fang Pao who was implicated in the case. First inquiring into the relation between this case and that of Chiang nan k'o ch'ang an 江南科場案, the cheating case in the examination of k'o chü 科挙 in Chiang nan, I try to find out the political attitude which Ch'ing government adopted. Consequently we will know that Ch'ing kuan 清官 played an important role in the government at that time. Next I suggest that the reason of conviction of Tai Ming-shih seems to have something with his writing concerning the history of later Ming 明 and early Ch'ing dynasties with the consciousness of yi min 逸民, a faithful subject of late Ming dynasty. On the contrary, the main reason of Fang Pao's release seems to be the change, or rather progress of his mind from that of a yi min to that of a genuine scholar of Ch'iung li 窮理. Seeing these two types of treatment, I conclude that this case exactly makes clear the trend of the governmental policy toward learning in the early Ch'ing era.