<論説>織田政権の蔵入領

Abstract

織田政権は、最後の戦国大名的性格を脱皮するため努力した跡の見られない政権か、それとも豊臣政権に連続する近世的性格をもつパイオニヤ的政権かについては、まだ学説の帰一をみない。私は「織田政権の基本路線」 (『国史学』第一〇〇号) で自説の素描を試みたが、その各個について論証したい。本論文はその一環である。織田政権の蔵入領の研究成果は皆無に近い。この空白を埋める目的で執筆され、その蔵入領は室町幕府のに系譜をもち、豊臣政権に受けつがれたと主張する。蔵入領の主体は土地であるが、すでに鎌倉中期から土地を対象とする財源のみでは、公家・武家ともに経済の均衡を維持しにくくなってきた。そのため貨幣経済の進展に結びつく財源を発掘する。室町幕府は、このような財政のパターァンを継受し、拡大させた。織田政権もこの埒外に出ることはできない。そして豊臣政権をへて、最後の封建政権・幕藩体制では、この土地と貨幣の両頭政策が命運を決定する。織田政権は、散在性をもつ土地を蔵入領の主体とするが、荘園制を克服し、朱印制採用の方向を打出し、近世に近づいた。

We have not attained one agreed view yet in defining the character of the Oda government; some say that they can't find the fact that the Oda government managed to slough off the character of SengokuDaimyo 戦国大名, others say that it was a pioneer of the modern government continued on the Toyotomi 豊臣 government. The author once tried to offer a rough sketch of his own view in "The Basic Line of the Oda Government" in The Journal of Japanese History No. 100, and in this article he examplifies it by considering the matter of KurairiRyo. After considering Kurairi-Ruo under the Oda government, he asserts that it had its origin in that of the Muromachi 室町 period, inherited by the Toyotomi government. The greater part of Kurairi-Ryo consisted of the land. After the middle of the Kamakura 鎌倉 period, both Buke (warriors) and Kuge (court nobles) couldn't keep the balance of each income and outgo only by a source of income from the land, and came to look for a new source of income corresponding to the development of monetary economy. The Muromachi shogunate inherited and expanded such a pattern of finance, which wasn't changed by the Oda government. And, through the Toyotomi government, under the Baku-Han Taisei 幕藩体制 (the shogunate-feudal clans system) the existence of the Edo 江戸 shogunate, the last feudal government, depended entirely upon financial policy of land and money. Consequently, although Kurairi-Ryo mainly consisted of the scattered land, the Oda government, which overcame the manorial system and adopted the Shuin-sei 朱印制, was closer to modern ages.