<論説>秦国の家族と商鞅の分異令

Abstract

秦漢時代の家族型態については多くの研究があるが、そこでは、この時期の基本的家族型態を単家族的なものと考えるか、複合家族的なものと考えるかで見解の一致をみていない。ここでは新出の雲夢秦簡を主な材料として、論争の一部をなす戦国期秦国の家族と親族の基本的型態とその相互の関連を問題とした。その結果、この時期には春秋以来の三世代からなる宗族は次第に分解し、さらに商鞅の変法の影響下に、父母・妻子・兄弟の範囲の血縁を最も密接な親属の範囲とする事実上の単婚小家族が一般化したが、この状況を起点とし、さらに牛耕の普及を背景に、漢代にかけて、家父長的家族の成長がみられ、やがて豪族の家が成立することを推測した。

There have been a good amount of studies concerning the family structure in the periods of Ch'in-Han 秦漢 dynasties. But, so far, it has never been agreed whether the basic form of the families in those periods is a simple family or a compound one. In this article, materialized mainly by the newly-found Yün-meng Ch'in-chien 雲夢秦簡, the structure of the family 家族 or the Tsung-tsu 宗族 under Ch'in dynasty during the period of Chan-Kuo 戦国 which is one of the issues of the aforementioned controversy, and the interrelation between those forms will be investigated. The investigation seems to indicate that under Ch'in government Tsung-tsu of three generations had been gradually dissolved since Ch'un-chiu 春秋 period, and that, influenced by Fên-i-ling of Shang-yang there began to spread the simple family in effect whose most intimate kinship meant parents, wife, children and brothers. It may also be assumed that that, starting from the family structure like that, the paternalistic family was growing through Han 漢 period, supported by spread of livestock husbandry, and also Hao-tsu 豪族 or powerful clans were under formation.