<論説>越後の天和検地と農村構造の展開

Abstract

高田藩の寛永期の役家は、名子の持高と貢租を自己名儀のもとに代表し、耕地の不充分な一部の役家や名子を小作―徭役労働関係の中に包摂し、農業生産と生活に関する族縁的共同体のようなものを形成した。寛永末年から寛文延宝期にかけて、役家以外の家族・名子等の新高持が多数出現したが、農業生産の中心はまだ複合家族手作経営であった。だがまた、おそくとも寛文延宝期には、作徳を納める小作地が成立し始めた。延宝九年の高田藩改易後、天和二年に幕府が実施した検地は、複合家族手作経営と名子との徭役労働関係が根強く残る中で、新しく作徳地主―小作関係が一般化しつつある事実を容認して、同居家族・名子等の新開地や小作地を名請したものである。天和検地を起点として元禄期以降全藩領で著しく家数が増加し、単婚家族化が進んだ。作徳地主―小作関係が広く展開したことが、家数増加の大きな要因であった。

Through Kanei 寛永 era (around 1620) Yakuya 役家 under the rule of Takada Han 高田藩 was a paternalistic farming community, in which not only the acreage and the rents of Nago 名子 or subordinate peasants were represented by Yakuya, but also lesser Yakuya and Nago were organized into a tenant system. Though between the latter half of Kanei and Kanbun-Enpo 寛文•延宝 era (around 1640-1680) there grew not a few Shintakamochi 新高持 or newly-born selfsustaining peasants, the agricultural production was mainly performed by the direct cultivation of the aforementioned type of paternalistic community. At latest, however, during Kanbun-Enpo era there developed some small tenants who could yield rents called Sakutoku 作徳. Change of characters like this can be observed in Tenna land survey which was held in 1682 just after Takada Han forfeited. The surveyors acknowledged that, besides the traditional tenant system of paternalistic farming community, the newly-born tenant system between Sakutoku landlords and their tenants was growing extensively, and also registered the arable land or peasants' holding developed by the subordinate family members or tenants as normal tenement. After this land survey was made, especially during the following age of Genroku 元禄, the number of families considerably increased and it seems to mean the disinteglation of the paternalistic family into smaller one. The main reason of this would be the widespread development of the aforementioned newly-born tenant system between Sakutoku landlords and tenants.