<論説>徳川頼宣の藩教学思想 : 近世における「学文」の性格

Abstract

近世の幕藩領主権力が負った課題は、前代の私的領域・私的権力のより上級権力への包摂及び人民の「心」の直接的掌握にあり、両者を克服するため幕藩権力は「学文」修得が不可避となった。徳川頼宣はかかる「学文」を修得した近世大名の一典型である。従って、彼が如何なる論理によって家臣団統制及び農民支配を実践していったかを検討することは、藩レベルにおける近世支配思想の実態解明につながる。さて彼の家臣団統制は、「心」と「形」を二本柱としながら、前者の保持・鍛練が後者の発現を促すと共に、両者はまた最終的に五常を内在させた「忠」によって統一されるとされた。そこに頼宣の近世的君臣関係樹立の意図が表現された。農民支配に関しては、彼が農民教化のために郡奉行・代官のある程度の自立を期待しながら、同時に小農までを視野に入れた農民教化を通じてその「心」を掌握し、自己の基盤拡大を意図していた点を考察した。

The Important problems by which the power of the feudal lords of the Bakuhan-Regime 幕藩体制 was confronted are both subsuming the personal domain and power of the former ages to superior power and grasping the Kokoro 心 of the people. So it was inevitable for the feudal lords to master the Gakubun 学文. Tokugawa Yorinobu was a typical daimyo 大名 who mastered it. Therefore investigating how he controlled the vassals and people is bound up with the elucidation of the thought for the rule in the Modern Ages 世近. In thisarticle I clarified as follows; First as to the control of the vassals Tokugawa Yorinobu regarded the Kokoro 心 and the Katachi 形 as two most important elements. And he thought that the maintenance and the discipline of the Kokoro accelerated the manifestation of the Katachi and that finally they were unified by the Chu 忠 in which the Gozyo 五常 was inherent. By this thought he intended to establish the modern relation of lord and vassals. Secondly as to the control of the peasants he expected the district magistrates or the bailiffs to be independent for the enlightenment of the peasants to some degree. Simultaneously taking even the petty farmers into consideration, he intended to grasp the Kokoro of the peasants through the enlightenment of them in order to expand the base of his own power.