<論説>第一次国共合作の展開について

Abstract

一九二四年一月の第一次国共合作の成立により、広東省の広州には国民革命の実現を標榜する新しい政治勢力が出現した。しかし国共両党間の組織上の勢力争いや政治路線をめぐる対立から、徒らに混迷がくり返されていた。加うるにこの政治勢力の内部には多くの独立した軍隊が存在して財政をほしいままにしており、新しい政治勢力が国民革命勢力へと発展するためには、各軍を統率下におき行政体系を整備することが第一の課題であった。この課題を実現した原動力は、蒋介石を校長とする黄埔軍官学校で養成された軍事力であった。この軍事力を核として二五年の一月には宿敵の陳炯明が打破され、更に六月には内部の癌であった楊希閔と劉震寰の率いる軍隊が粛清される。そしてこの基礎の上に七月には国民政府が樹立され、国民革命への第一歩が踏み出された。しかし国民政府内部には新たな対立が発生し、状況は再び波瀾をむかえることになる。

Following the establishment of the First Nationalist-Communist United Front in January of 1924 there appeared in the city of Guangzhou 広州 Guangdong province 広東省 a "new political group" intent on carrying out a National Revolution. Despite the ostensible "United Front" the Nationalists (Guomindang 国民党) and Communists were in fact in a state of confrontation as they attempted either to gain superior influence in the Guomindang's party structure or to ensure that the National Revolution was carried out according to their own political line. This "new political group" included a number of warlords who were independent of the political leadership of the Guomindang and who held control of provincial finances. Thus the first imperative in carrying out the National Revolution was to bring these warlords under the complete control of the Guomindang The new military force fostered in Huangpu Military Academy 黄埔軍官学校 under its principal Jiang Jie-shi 蔣介石 played a major role in completing this task. Chen Jiong-ming 陳炯明, an implacable enemy of the Guomindang, was defeated by a force led by Huangpu cadets in January of 1925. Subsequently Yang Xi-ming 楊希閔 and Liu Xin-huang 劉震寰, 'cancers' inside the Guanzhou "new political group", were finally purged in July of the same year. On the basis of the control the Guomindang was able to gain over these warlords through such victories the National Government was established in the July. Thus the first step towards the National Revolution was made. However new confrontations appeared in the National Government which, once again, threw the situation into confusion.