<論説>葛川・伊香立庄相論考 : 鎌倉期における葛川住人と伊香立庄百姓の争い

Abstract

鎌倉時代を通じて、葛川と伊香立庄との間でくり返し争われた相論は、たんなる堺相論の範囲にとどまるものではなく、 両者がよってたつ霊場と庄園という社会的基盤の違いを前提にしたものであった。建保・建長の二度にわたる相論では、両者は霊場葛川内における、互いの権益の違いを明確にし、つづく文永の相論では、一歩進んで霊場葛川をそれぞれ霊場側と庄園側の二つに分割するにまで至る。文保の相論は、葛川側がかつて伊香立庄側に分割した下立山と呼ばれた地域の部分的奪還と、霊場蔦川に おける開発権の獲得に乗り出したため惹起したものであった。葛川側は伊香立番側との下立山をめぐるいわゆる堺相論では、積極的に相論絵図を作製するなどして、常に有利に相論を展開していく。しかし、開発権の獲得は、葛川住人が本来「御堂給仕」の目的にのみ限って霊場葛川への居住を許可されていた人々であったことから、容易には達成できず、逆に葛川内の在家は五宇に限る べきことが裁許されるなど、葛川側は窮地に立つ。それでも、蔦川側は自分たちの理念的領主であった明王の威光を、行者を通じて巧みに相論に生かすことにより、最後は堺相論のみならず葛川内における開発権をも勝ちとることに成功する。

The lawsuits, repeated between the people in Katsuragawa and the peasants in Ikadachi-no-sho through the Kamakura age, were not only quarrels about the boundary line, but also arose from an important difference between the natures of their localities : Katsuragawa was a sacred zone while Ikadachi-no-sho was a manor. In the lawsuits in the Kempo 建保 and Kencho 建長 periods, the both sides made clear the difference between their interests in the sacred zone Katsuragawa. Then, in the lawsuit in the Bun'ei 文永 period, they agreed to the division of the sacred zone into two parts : one part belonged to the sacred zone as before, and the other to the manor. This latter lawsuit, it seems, occurred because the people in Katsuragawa tried to take back a portion of the place called Oritachiyama 下立山 which had been ceded to the peasants in Ikadachi-no-sho by the people in Katsuragawa. In this lawsuit, other issues appered: the increasing people, who had originally been permitted to live in the sacred zone only to serve the temple, and their exploitation of land. At first, the people in Katsuragawa got into a fix when the judgement ordered that the number of households living in Katsuragawa should be limited to five, and so on. But, in the end, the people in Katsuragawa won the quarrel about the boundary line, and moreover obtained the abolition of the limitation of the right of residence by skillfully using the authority of Myo-Oh 明王, their symbol, through the good offices of the ascetics 行者.