<論説>常布と調庸制

Abstract

本稿は、流通経済史的視角を意識しつつ、布の規格・合成法から調庸制の成立・変容の過程を論じたものである。少なくとも大宝・養老両律令においては、常布(長さ一丈三尺・推定幅二尺四寸の規格の麻布) を基礎として調庸輸納額・物品価値・労働量を表示する体系ー唐律令のそれとは異質なーが形づくられていた。かかる常布の機能は和同開琢発行の前提となったが、 そのため銭貨流通を意図した常規格の否定が行われた。これが和銅〜養老期の調庸布規格変更の主因と見られる。また、常布の前身が七世紀中期の史料に現われる「布二尋」=「布一丈二尺」と考えられることから、「改新詔」(常布の未成立) →天武初年(一端=三常制) →大宝律令(一端=四常制) なる過程を調庸制成立に関連させて推測した。

This thesis has thrown light upon the formation and the transformation of the Choyosei through the consideration of the standards and compositions of the Fu 布 with a viewpoint of current-economy. Both Taiho 大宝 and Yoro 養老 Ritsuryo 律令 at least had the system which indicated the payment of Choyo, the value of goods and the amount of labour with a unit of Jofu (which was a 1 Jo 丈 3 Shaku 尺 long, and 2 尺 4 Sun 寸 wide hemp cloth), and was different from that of Tang. Such a Jofu's function conditioned the issue of the Wadokaiho 和同開珎 and the result was that the Jo 常 standard was denied, which projected the coin-circulation. So it may be said that this was the main cause of the change of the Choyo-Fu-standard in the Wado 和同 Yoro periods. The Jofu's antecedent is supposed to be "布 2 Hiro 尋" (=布 1丈2 尺) which appeared in the historical sources in the middle of the 7th century. So the process can be supposed : Kaishinnosho 改新詔 (the pre-formation of Jofu)→ The 1st year of Tenmu 天武 period (1 Tan 端= 3 常)→ Taihoritsuryo ( 1 端= 4常).