<論説>漢代の市について

Abstract

漢代の常設市は官庁や宮殿、官倉など国家の財政支出の行われる場所や、官僚など都市住民の消費支出の集中する場所、また街道の交差点や橋といった交通の要所に発達した。これらの市はそれぞれ固有の起源と立地条件を持っており、必ずしも都市の城郭内にあったとは限らない。この他郊外に散在する聚落に定期市が立つこともあった。こうして都市と都市、また都市と周辺の聚落が経済的に結びついていた。このような市は、様々な国家の規制を受けていたが、その行政機構は亭の制度に立脚していたと考えられ、この点で唐代と質的に異っている。このような制度は戦国時代、各国で推し進められた富国強兵策の下で次第に整備され、都市の行政機構の一環として重視されるに至った。漢代の市は戦国時代の都市の発展の延長上に位置づけられるものである。

The markets in Han period were developed in such places where expense in government (i. e. government office, palace and official storehouse) was made, and at the centre of consumption of beaurocrats or other inhabitants in cities and points of traffic importance (i. e. crossroad and bridges). These urban markets had their own origins and local conditions. In those days fairs were regularly established in some villages scattered around city walls. Thus, economic relations were made between one city and another or between cities and villages around them. These markets and fairs were controlled by government, and their administrative organization was based on ting 亭 system. In this point, the administrative system of markets in Han period was essencially different from that in Tang 唐 period. And their organization was gradually established under the policy which was promoted to strengthen and grow rich the country, and finally became to be made much of as a part of municipal regime in Warring States period. So markets in Han period are closely connected with the development of cities in Warring-States period.