<論説>広東国民政府における政治抗争と蒋介石の抬頭

Abstract

一九二四年一月の第一次国共合作のあと、国民党は二五年の七月一日に広州に国民政府を樹立した。しかし二五年の三月に孫文が北京で死去していたため、指導権争いが発生する。この争いは靡仲愷の暗殺事件を機に急展開をとげ、蒋介石の率いる軍事力にもとづき胡漢民や許崇智らの対立分子の一掃が行われ、蒋介石、汪精衛、ボロディンからなる新指導部が成立した。つづいて国民政府は蒋介石を総司令として宿敵の陳炯明を打破し、広東全省を統一して体制を強化した。しかし共産党員の勢力伸長をめぐって国共の対立がたかまった結果、蒋介石は中山艦事件により共産党員をおさえこみ、親共的な汪精衛を逐いおとして独裁的権力を手中にした。そして懸案の北伐準備を開始した。親ソ勢力による中国の統一を最優先の外交政策とするソ連は、蒋介石の共産党員抑圧を黙認し、北伐の遂行を援助する。このあと国民革命の舞台は広東をはなれ、全国的規模での新展開が出現する。

Kuomingtang (国民党) and CCP (中国共産党), raising the banner of national revolution, established a united front in Guang Zhou (広州) January 1924. After having purged some antagonistic worlords inside the united front, Kuomingtang and CCP formed a national government in July 1925. However, struggles for gaining the leadership of the government were immediately commenced because Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the superpowerful leader of the united front, had already died in Peking March 1925. In the course of the struggles, Hu Han-ming (胡漢民), the most prestigeous and senior Kuomingtang member, was purged in connection with the assassination of Liao Zhong-Kai (廖仲愷) which happened August 1925 and Xu Chong-Zhu (許崇智) who was the head of governmental military depart ment was also dismissed because of his unloyal attitude to the national government. Consequently, new leadership was formed by Jiang Jie-Shi, Wang, Jing-Wei (汪精衛) and the Kuomingtang's russian adviser, Borodin. After a while, national government under the new leadership launched a military offensive against Chen Jiong-ming (陳炯明), the fatal enemy of Kuomingtang, and soon put.whole Guangdong province (広東省) under Kuomingtang's rule. However, another inner struggle was triggered off by Jiang Jie- Shi. Jiang Jie-Shi, worried about communists growing influence and getting irritated with arrogant attitudes of russian military advisers as well, ditermined to restrain communists and russian advisers. Jiang Jie-Shi fuifilled his aim by provoking semi-coup d'etat (中山艦事件) on March the 20th 1926. As the result, communists who were in charge of excutive posts of Kuomingtang were forced to resign and Wang Jing-Wei, the pro-communists and also pro-russian politicai leader, was forced to leave as well. Thus, Jiang Jie-Shi built up his dictatorship and started making preparations for the Northrn Expedition (北伐) which he had been ardent for. Soviet Russia, since its diplomatic aim was to have China put under the control of pro-Soviet Russia influence, gave a. tacit consent to Jiang's anti-communists conduct and agreed to give him the necessary aids for launching the Northern Expedition. Thereafter, the national revolution was going to be rapidly extended out of Guangdong province, whereas soon would appear new political struggles within the united front.