<論説>十一世紀ビザンツにおけるイエ・地域社会・皇帝 : ケカウメノス『ストラテギコン』再考

Abstract

十一世紀のビザンツ貴族ケカウメノスの『ストラテギコン』は、息子たちに宛てた助言と忠告の書である。その第三章は「イエにおいて私的生活を送る」揚合の注意事項を記している。それによると、ケカウメノスのイエは隷属農民を用いた自立的経営体たらんとしていた。また従者の武装という形で軍事力も備えていた。しかしその農業経営は安定したものではなく、軍事面でも、イエは独自の防禦施設をもっていなかった。他方イエ支配者=家長は地域社会において一定の権限を、みずからのイエ支配を基盤として、行使していた。しかし上記のような弱さをもつビザンツのイエは閉鎖的な小宇宙ではありえず、外部世界、とりわけ国家の官職・位階と結びつく傾向を示した。とくに地方長官(大軍事貴族) との結びつきが顕著であるが、それはイエの自立性を侵害する皇帝権力に対する抵抗の組織ともなった。自立性を高めつつもなお国家への依存を必要とするという貴族のイエの性格が、この時代の政治史の動向を規定し、国家・皇帝のあり方にも影響を与えたのである。

In 1070s Kekaumenos, a provincial noble, wrote "Strategikon" which was a manual for his young sons, filled with counsels for proper conduct in a variety of situations. In its chapter 3 Kekaumenos gave them advices in case of leading a private life, that is, not holding a government post. He recommended them to conduct oikos, or household, carefully. Chapter 3 may be named "oikonomika'", and by examining it we are able to make out the characteristics of oikos of the 11th century provincial magnates. Oikos of Kekaumenos was to be self-sufficient agricultural management, making use of many servants and peasants. It had a measure of military power, some of the servants were armed by their master, Kekaumenos. But its agricultural management was not stable, and its military power was limited by the fact that oikos did not have military installations such as rampart or moat. The household of the nobles had not come to maturity yet. Householders, masters of oikos, were leader of the local community and had a certain privilege in it. Their leadership depended fundamentally upon the economic and military power of the household. On the other hand, householders looked for the government posts and court titles so as to make their unstable oikos firm. They also entered into personal relations with the local governors. Oikos of the 11th century could not be an autonomous small cosmos. In the 11th century there arose rebellions of the provincial leading aristocrats over and over again, in which many householders took part in order to win what they asked the emperor and government for. On the one hand they aimed at the autonomy of their oikos and tried to reject the interference of the emperor or government. On the other hand they looked for a government post. These two patterns of their behaviour and mentality, which were contradicting each other, were brought about by the pecularity of their oikos. And at the same time they exerted great influence upon the political history and the image of the emperor in those days.