<論説>古典期アテネのフラトリア : IG II^<2> 1237 の場合

Abstract

前四世紀前半に刻されたアッティカ碑文 Inscriptiones Graecae II^<2> 1237 の分析を通して古典期アテネのフラトリア(兄弟団) の構造の大枠を見定め、ポリス市民団編制の実状把握の手掛りとすることに、本稿の目標は置かれる。本稿は先ず碑文のフラトリア入籍規定に現れる二つの集団 Demotionidai と Dekeleieis のうち、デケレイエイスこそ上記碑文を遣したフラトリアの名称であり、デーモティオーニダイはそのなかの特権保有者たちのグループと解すべき旨を明らかにする。後半部では、この前提に立ち、他の関連史料をも援用しつつ、入籍規定本文より古代ギリシアの家とポリスとをつなぐ最も重要な中間的社会集団フラトリアの内部購造を読みとる作業を行う。古典期アテネのフラトリアは、貴族政期以来の家柄を誇るゲンネータイ(氏族員) と然らざるオルゲオーネスとから成ると同時に、両者を共に含むティアソスなる下部単位によって構成される側面をももつ。この二つの編制原理の並存・交錯にフラトリアの組織上の特徴があり、前四世紀以降は少くとも入籍資格審査に関し、ゲンネータイの優位が消滅したのであろうとするのが、本稿の結論である。

The aim of this paper is to clarify the structure of Athenian phratries by analyzing a famous inscription discovered at Tatoi (the site of an Attic deme Dekeleia), IG II^2 1237, where a phratry inscribed three decrees on rules governing the entry of children. The first half of the paper is concerned with the name of the abovementioned phratry, which many scholars have discussed since the end of the nineteenth century. Analyzing IG II^2 1237, especially lines 29-34 of the inscription, and surveying some citizenship decrees of Keos (IG XII5, 540 ; ibid. 1061) , the author concludes that Dekeleieis is the name of the phratry which inscribed the decrees and that Demotionidai, another name found in the inscription, represents a group of privileged members. In the latter half of the paper, the author gives an outline of the structure of Athenian phratries. His arguments are based on the inscription of Dekeleieis (IG II^2 1237), Drakon's homicide law (IG I^3 104) , some passages in Attic orations (Isae. II 14 ; Isae. VII 13-17 ; Demosth. LIX 55-63 ; Andoc. I 126-127) and a fragment of Philochoros (FGrH 328 F35a). He emphasizes two points. First, from the archaic to the classical period, Athenian phratries were composed of two kinds of members, gennetai (aristocratic phrateres) and orgeones (commoner phrateres). At the same time, however, the phratry's basic unit was the thiasos, which included gennetai as well as orgeones. The coexistence of these organizational principles was characteristic of Attic phratries. Second, at least upon examining requirements for membership, the gennetai's position of superiority began to disappear in about the beginning of the fourth century B. C. Gennetai, the aristocratic component of a phratry, seem to have played an important role in the membership of a phratry and in maintaining the sound condition of the Athenian state up to that time.