<論説>ジャー・ラマとコブド問題 : モンゴル人民共和国形成期における民族間題の一考察

Abstract

本稿では、西部モンゴル人の反清独立闘争のシンボル「アムルサナーの化身」として出現したカルムイク・モンゴル人ジャー・ラマの行動を通して、モンゴル人民共和国形成期の民族問題を考察する。彼は一九一二年にコブド解放戦の先頭に立ったが、現在彼の功績は全く評価されていない。性急なロシア式改革で住民の支持を失い、強烈な独立志向ゆえに一九一四年にロシア当局に逮捕された彼は、ロシア革命で出獄して一九一八年夏モンゴルに現われ、民衆に再び歓迎されたが、ボグド政府には対抗勢力とみなされた。彼が「封建・君主主義的民族主義」者としてよりもむしろ、東部モンゴル人主導に対する反政府勢力として人民政府によって排除されたことは、彼と対照的に、両政府の要人であり続けたマクサルジャブの運命が暗示している。一九二二年末のジャー・ラマ排除によってコブド地区はハルハに統合されたが、複雑な民族関係に由来するコブド問題は未解決のまま残されることになったのである。

The aim of this paper is to consider the national problem in the period of the formation of the Mongolian People's Republic (M. P. R.) through the movements of the Jaa Lama (Dambiijantsan), a charismstic Astrakhan Kalmyk Mongol, who appeared as a reincarnation of the 18th-century Oirat leader Amarsanaa, the symbol of the anti-Chinese independent movement in Western Mongolia. In 1912 he led the fight for the liberation of the Khovd district, but at present in M. P. R. his achievements are largely ignored. Though he seized control of the Khovd district, he lost the support of the inhabitants owing to his impatient Russian method of the reform. Moreover, he was arrested and deported to Russia by the Tsarist government because of his strong inclinations towards independence. When he was set free, thanks to the Russian Revolution, and went back to Mongolia in 1918, he was welcomed by the masses again, but was regarded as a rival by the Bogd Khaan's government. A comparison of the careers of the Jaa Lama and the Khatan Baatar Magsarjav, who had been a leading person of both the Bogd Khaan's and the People's government, suggests that the Jaa Lama was assassinated in 1922 by the People's government more as an adversary to the leadership of Eastern Mongols than as a "feudal-monarchic nationalist." The assassination of the Jaa Lama enabled the Khovd district to be united with Khalkha Mongolia, but the Khovd problem resulting from the complicated national relations was left unsolved.