<論説>ワルシャワ連盟協約の成立 : 一六世紀のポーランドにおける宗教的寛容の法的基盤

Abstract

一六世紀から一七世紀半ばにかけてポーランドは「異端者の避難所」となった。西欧では生存を認められない急進的宗派をも含む多様な宗派の平和共存が可能となったのは、なぜか。本稿では、この問題を考える手がかりとして、ヤギェウォ王朝断絶後の空位期に宗教的平和を保障するために結ばれたワルシャワ連盟協約を取り上げ、その内容と成立過程を検討した。その結果、既にヤギェウォ王朝断絶前に複合民族国家の伝統とシュラフタの身分的結合に由来する執行権力の機能不全により事実上の寛容が支配していたこと、連盟協約の意図は新たな体制の創出にではなく、空位期という葬常時に可能な限り現状を維持することにあったこと、この協約によリプロテスタント側は従来通り生存する権利を保障される一方、カトリック側は「領主の信仰選択権」問題を意図的に曖昧なものにとどめると同時に聖職禄の保全を取り付けたこと、が明らかとなった。

From the sixteenth to the mid-seventeenth century, Poland became an "Assylum of Heretics" in Europe. Various religious sects, including the radical reformers who were not admitted to live in Western Europe, coexisted peacefully. Why was it possible in this country? To answer this question, the author focuses on the Confederation of Warsaw, which was concluded to guaranntee the religious peace in the first interregnum after the extinction of the Jagiellonian dynasty. Through the examination of the text and the process of enacting this Confederation, the following points were indicated : 1) Before the extinction of the Jagiellonian dynasty, there already existed a de facto religious peace, which owed to the multinational raison d'etat of Poland and the impaired functioning of the executive power as the result of the strong social ties of the szlachta. 2) The aim of the Confederation was not to establish a new regime, but to maintain the status quo in the interregnum as far as possible. 3) By this Confederation, Protestants were ensured the right to live as before, while Catholics consciously left ambiguous the problem of the seigniorial right to coerce one's own faith and secured the ecclesiastical benefices.