<論説>文章得業生試の成立

Abstract

大学寮文章科の制度についての研究は、その出身者の平安初期政界・文学界での活躍にもかかわらず、桃裕行氏以後十分な進展を見ていない。第一章では、神亀五年(七二八)勅と天平二年(七三〇)太政官奏を復原的に検討し、前者が大学寮四科(文章・明経・明法・算) の成立と簡試合格を条件とした学生資格の雑任・白丁への門戸解放、後者が四科得業生制度の創設を定める法令であったことを明らかにし、文章科が秀才・進士試受験者を養成するための学科だったことを確認した。第二章では、秀才試として行われる文章得業生試、式部省が文章生を選抜する擬文章生試、及び他の三科の得業生試が、いずれも天長四年(八二七) に成立し、貞観式で式文化したと考えるべきであると論じた。文章得業生試の成立は文章博士の地位向上をもたらす動きの一環をなすものであり、弘仁・天長年間(八一〇―八三四) には既に顕著になっていた文章科出身者の政界での活躍に新しい様相を加えるものであった。

Since Momo Hiroyuki wrote "On the Educational System in Ancient Japan, " the study of the institutions of Daigakuryo Monjo School, which supplied graduates to the political and the literary worlds in the early Heian Era, has not been improved upon much. In Chapter I, I explain that in 728 the four courses known as Monjo, Myogyo, Myobo, and San, specializing in Chinese literature, Confucian philosophy, law, and mathematics, were founded at the Daigakuryo (the university in ancient Japan). Admission was open to the petty officials and the common people upon passing the entrance examination. In 730, the position of Tokugo Student (the scholar) was created in these four courses. The Monjo Course was to train candidates for the Shusai and Shinji Tests. In Chapter II, I assert that the Monjo Tokugo Student Test in the form of the Shusai Test, and the Sub-Monjo Student Test, which selected Monjo Students through the Shilkibusho (the personnel section in ancient Japan) Examination were established in 827, and that the establishment of the Tokugo Student Tests of the three other courses was in the same year. The reformation in 827 was enacted into the Jogan Shiki Law. The establishment of the Monjo Tokugo Student Test can be evaluated as one of the movements that elevated the status of Monjo Hakase (the professor of Monjo Course) and added a new aspect to the activities of the graduates of the Monjo Course in the political world that were already detected in the Konin and Tentyo years (810-834).