<論説>桓温から謝安に至る東晋中期の政治 : 桓温の府僚を中心として

Abstract

本稿は、従来不分明な点の多かった、桓温と謝安の政治についての考察である。方法論としては、東晋南朝に於ける北来貴族優位の原因とその権力基盤を、六朝独特のものである将軍府のあり方に求めた。従って、当時の政治の実態の究明も、桓温の将軍府の分析を通じて試みる。まず、会稽王[イク]、桓温、謝安が互いに絡み合っている次の点について検討する。第一に、会稽王[イク]を中心とした清談の盛行と、一方の一部貴族間に起こる反老荘思想気運の時代背景を追跡する。第二に、桓温という存在は、清談貴族から荊州軍閥に、更に建康貴族の首領へと変貌する。その所以を明確にし、桓温が荊州寒門と軍将に支持された改革派貴族であることを証明する。第三に、謝安の登場、謝安の政権掌握の秘訣、支持階層と政策を明かにし、謝安が北来貴族と江東豪族に支持された保守派貴族であることを確認する。そうした政治全般の考察の結果に基づき、東晋中期とは、「新出門戸」である[ショウ]郡桓氏と陳郡謝氏の改革派と保守派が相い対立した政治過程で、貴族勢力は極盛期を迎える反面、反貴族的新傾向が顕出される時代であったと規定する。

This article is a study of the governments of Huan Wen and Xie An, the significance of which has hitherto remained largely unclear. This paper seeks explanations for the authority and predominance of the northern immigrant aristocracy through the analysis of the structure of "the General's Office System" 将軍府, characteristic of the Six Dynasties period. Accordingly, the investigation of the contemporary state of politics is undertaken through an analysis of Huan Wen's general's office. The investigation begins with the mutual involvement of Huan Wen, Xie An, and Si-ma Yu 司馬昱 in the following three areas. First traced is the background of the prosperity of ''the Pure Conversation" 清談 around Si-ma Yu, and the rising of a trend of anti-Lao Zhuang 反老荘 thoughts among some aristocratic families. Second, the article clears the reasons for Huan Wen's switch of status from membership in the Pure Conversation School to a place in the military faction of Jing Zhou 荊州 and his succeeding transformation into leader of the Jian Kang 建康 clan. It leads to the explanation that Huan Wen was supported as a revolutionary aristocratic leader by the lesser families and military leaders of the Jing Zhou. Third, the arrival on the scene of Xie An, the secrets of his grip to power, his policy and support are all brought to light, and his status as a conservative aristocrat supported by the northern immigrant aristocracy and the great landowning clans southeast of the Yangtze is confirmed. Based on the conclusions of the aforegoing analysis of political fundamentals in the middle period of the Eastern Jin, it is asserted that the appearance of the Huan clan of the Qiao 譙 commandery and the Xie clan of the Chen 陳 commandery as great houses of the bureaucratic oligarchy, and the process of opposition between them as revoluitonary and conservative clans, marked the high tide of aristocratic power and also marked the appearance of a new anti-aristocratic trend.